Module 6 (Chapter 14)

Question 1

Describe Personality

Answer 1

Distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterizes a persons response to life situation; Components of identity distinguish them from others; caused mainly by internal factors; behaviours fit together in a meaningful way

Question 2

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ________.

Answer 2

Personality

Question 3

Psychodynamic Perspective Assumptions on personality

Answer 3

Childhood experiences shape adult personality
There are 3 levels of consciousness; conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious
There are 3 structures of personality; Id; ego; superego

Question 4

… is an unconcious structure from birth that is irrational and seeks immediate gratification/release and has no outer contact

Answer 4

Id
(ex. You want a coffee but are in a class, so you leave class and get a cup of coffee)

Question 5

What is the Superego?

Answer 5

A structure of personality that is based on morals. it is the repository for societal values and ideals. It tries to block gratification permanently instead of just delaying. it is over realistic. Develops through identification with their parents and explicit training of what is “wrong” or “right”
(Ex. you want a cup of coffee but are in a class, you know you could get a cup after class but instead you opt to not get one at all)

Question 6

What is the “executive of personality” according to the Psychodynamic theory on the structure of personality?

Answer 6

Ego; delays gratifitication according to reality principles; operates mainly on conscious level. (ex. You want a cup of coffee but are in a class so you wait until your class is over to get a cup of coffee)

Question 7

What Defense Mechanism is: A person who was sexually abused in childhood develops amnesia for the event.

Answer 7

Repression

Question 8

What is the defense mechanism denial?

Answer 8

Refusing to acknowledge an anxiety-arousing aspect of you environment either the emotions connect or the situation/event itself. (Ex. Refusing to accept reality of a death and denying anything happened)

Question 9

What is the defense mechanism that repressed an unacceptable/dangerous impulse and directs it to a safer substitute target

Answer 9

Displacement (Ex. Gettin harassed at work but not feeling anger there, instead abusing family members at home)

Question 10

What is Intellectualization?

Answer 10

A defense mechanism where the emotion connected with an upsetting event is repressed and the situation is dealt with as an intellectually interesting event. (Ex. If one person is mean to another, they person they are mean to may think about why they are mean instead of feeling hurt by it)

Question 11

What defence mechanism is: a person cheating on their spouse suspects their spouse is being unfaithful

Answer 11

Projection - unacceptable impulse is repressed and attributed to another person

Question 12

Rationalization

Answer 12

A defense mechanism where a person constructs a false but plausible explanation/excuse for an anxiety-arousing behaviour or event that has already occurred (ex. if caught cheating on a test, the student might rationalize it by saying the test was unfair and everyone else was cheating too)

Question 13

What defense Mechanism is: A young boy is bullying a girl because subconsciously he is attracted to her

Answer 13

Reaction Formation - an anxiety-arousing impulse is represseed and its psychic energy finds release in an exaggerated expression of the opposite behaviour

Question 14

What defense mechanism represses impulses released in the form of a socially acceptable or admired behaviour

Answer 14

Sublimination (Ex. Recently going through a break but channeling emotions into home improvement)

Question 15

Psychosexual Development stage: Oral

Answer 15

from 0-2yrs; Mouth; Weaning

Question 16

What stage has the erogenous zone of Anus, and the key task is toilet training

Answer 16

Anal; from 2-3yrs

Question 17

Phallic Stage

Answer 17

from 4-6yrs; Genitals and resolving Oedipus complex (A desire for sexual relations with parent of the opposite sex, and a sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex)

Question 18

What psychosexual stage is from ages 7 to puberty; and doesn’t have any erogenous zones

Answer 18

The Latency stage; key task of developing social relationships

Question 19

What is the last stage of psychosexual development

Answer 19

Genital; from puberty on; genitals; developing mature social and sexual relationships

Question 20

Humanistic Perspective

Answer 20

Emphasizes the central role of conscious experience, as well as the individual’s creative potential and their inborn striving for self-actualization

Question 21

Self-actualization

Answer 21

Part of Abraham Maslows heirarchy of needs, considered to be ultimate human need and the highest expression of human nature.

Question 22

The Self

Answer 22

Central Part of Carl Rogers self-theory. an organized consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs of oneself

Question 23

Trait Perspective

Answer 23

people have certain basic traits and its the strength and intensity of those traits that account for the personality differences Gordon Allport recorded all english words that could be used to describe personal traits - trying to narrow them down

Question 24

Sixteen Personality Factor

Answer 24

Raymond Cattell - 16 basic behaviour clusters - 16 personality factor questionaire

Question 25

Hans Eyesenck Extraversion-Stability model

Answer 25

2 dimensions - Introversion-Extraversion and Instability-Stability 3rd added - psychoticism-self-control - the 2 dimensions combine to which shows the secondary traits. (Ex. Stable, Introverted - likely to be passive, careful, peaceful, reliable, controlled, calm)

Question 26

What does OCEAN stand for?

Answer 26

The big 5 factor model; Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. Used the 16 dimensions in Cattell’s theory (thought too many) and Eyesenck’s theory (had too little)

Question 27

Highs and Lows of each OCEAN

Answer 27

Openness - either conventional or original; not creative or creative; cautious or daring; open to change or hate it etc.
Conscientiousness - likes planning or hates structure; hardworking or lazy; reliable or undependable etc…
Extraversion - sociable or retiring; friendly or aloof; talkative or quiet
Agreeableness - Soft-hearted or ruthless; lenient or critical; forgiving or vengeful
Neuroticism - Worrying or calm; high strung or relaxed; self-conscious or comfortable

Question 28

Social Cognitive Perspective

Answer 28

interacting social, cognitive and behaviour factors; learning through observation; Combined cognitive and behaviour perspectives

Question 29

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 29

the person, their behaviour, and the environment all influence one another in pattern of two way casual link

Question 30

Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Perspective

Answer 30

Humans are active agents in their own life, not at mercy of their environment we are self-reflective (think/evaluate our own motivations values and goals) and self-reactive (motivation/regulate our own behaviour and modify goals) And Self-effiacent (beliefs concerning our ability to perform behaviour for a desired outcome)

Question 31

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Answer 31

MMPI - 567 true-false items - each answered differently by groups of patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. Now revised with 10 clinical scales and 3 validity scales Validity scales detect tendicy to lie on test and Clinical scales used to reveal important apects of personality as well as some psychiatric diagnosises

Question 32

Common Projective Tests

Answer 32

Rosachach Inkblots; Thematic Apperception Test; Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank

Question 33

Rorschach Inkblots; Thematic Apperception Test; Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank

Answer 33

• categorized from the type of objects seen ; different examiners can have different interpretations; 10 inkplots
  -Tell a story about ambiguous illustration or picture; analyze themes

Question 34

Free Association

Answer 34

Psychoanalysis therapy: Report verbally without any censorship while reclined on a couch. The therapist is out of view. It provides clues into the unconsciousness

Question 35

Fixation

Answer 35

Arrested development where instincts focused on particular area

Question 36

Archetypes

Answer 36

inherited tendency to interpret an experience in a certain way

Question 37

Object Relation

Answer 37

mental representions of themselves and others from early experiences with caregivers

Question 38

Personal Constructs

Answer 38

cognitive categories that people sort the people and events in their lives - primary basis for individual differences in personality

Question 39

Self-Concepts

Answer 39

Newer term for “the self”; an organized, consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about oneself

Question 40

Self-Consistency

Answer 40

No conflicts among self-perceptions

Question 41

Congruence

Answer 41

consistency between self-perceptions and experience

Question 42

Level of Adjustment

Answer 42

the degree of congruence between self-concept and experience helps to define; the more inflexible peoples self-concept the less open they are to experiences

Question 43

Need for Positive regard

Answer 43

born for an innate need for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others (Carl Rogers)

Question 44

Factor Analysis

Answer 44

used to identify clusters of behaviours that are correlated with on another highly so they can be viewed as reflecting a basic dimension; used for data reduction

Question 45

Locus of Control

Answer 45

expectancy of the degree of personal control we have over our lives (internal = life outcomes largely under personal control)(external = life outcomes largely under environment control)

Question 46

Consistency Paradox

Answer 46

An individuals personality tends to be the same overtime while behaviours can change in different situations

Question 47

Personality Assessment

Answer 47

administration, scoring, and interpreting of empirical measures of personality traits

Question 48

Interviews

Answer 48

One of the oldest methods of assessment; obtain information about a person’s thoughts, feelings and other internal states; Don’t just listen to the answers but watch behaviour as someone answers

Question 49

Personality Scales

Answer 49

Widely used for assessing personality in research and clinical work - objective measures because of the standard set of questions usually t/f or rating scale and scored with agreed upon scoring key