Module 6 (Chapter 14) Flashcards
Describe Personality
Distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterizes a persons response to life situation; Components of identity distinguish them from others; caused mainly by internal factors; behaviours fit together in a meaningful way
The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ________.
Personality
Psychodynamic Perspective Assumptions on personality
Childhood experiences shape adult personality
There are 3 levels of consciousness; conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious
There are 3 structures of personality; Id; ego; superego
… is an unconcious structure from birth that is irrational and seeks immediate gratification/release and has no outer contact
Id
(ex. You want a coffee but are in a class, so you leave class and get a cup of coffee)
What is the Superego?
A structure of personality that is based on morals. it is the repository for societal values and ideals. It tries to block gratification permanently instead of just delaying. it is over realistic. Develops through identification with their parents and explicit training of what is “wrong” or “right”
(Ex. you want a cup of coffee but are in a class, you know you could get a cup after class but instead you opt to not get one at all)
What is the “executive of personality” according to the Psychodynamic theory on the structure of personality?
Ego; delays gratifitication according to reality principles; operates mainly on conscious level. (ex. You want a cup of coffee but are in a class so you wait until your class is over to get a cup of coffee)
What Defense Mechanism is: A person who was sexually abused in childhood develops amnesia for the event.
Repression
What is the defense mechanism denial?
Refusing to acknowledge an anxiety-arousing aspect of you environment either the emotions connect or the situation/event itself. (Ex. Refusing to accept reality of a death and denying anything happened)
What is the defense mechanism that repressed an unacceptable/dangerous impulse and directs it to a safer substitute target
Displacement (Ex. Gettin harassed at work but not feeling anger there, instead abusing family members at home)
What is Intellectualization?
A defense mechanism where the emotion connected with an upsetting event is repressed and the situation is dealt with as an intellectually interesting event. (Ex. If one person is mean to another, they person they are mean to may think about why they are mean instead of feeling hurt by it)
What defence mechanism is: a person cheating on their spouse suspects their spouse is being unfaithful
Projection - unacceptable impulse is repressed and attributed to another person
Rationalization
A defense mechanism where a person constructs a false but plausible explanation/excuse for an anxiety-arousing behaviour or event that has already occurred (ex. if caught cheating on a test, the student might rationalize it by saying the test was unfair and everyone else was cheating too)
What defense Mechanism is: A young boy is bullying a girl because subconsciously he is attracted to her
Reaction Formation - an anxiety-arousing impulse is represseed and its psychic energy finds release in an exaggerated expression of the opposite behaviour
What defense mechanism represses impulses released in the form of a socially acceptable or admired behaviour
Sublimination (Ex. Recently going through a break but channeling emotions into home improvement)
Psychosexual Development stage: Oral
from 0-2yrs; Mouth; Weaning
What stage has the erogenous zone of Anus, and the key task is toilet training
Anal; from 2-3yrs
Phallic Stage
from 4-6yrs; Genitals and resolving Oedipus complex (A desire for sexual relations with parent of the opposite sex, and a sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex)
What psychosexual stage is from ages 7 to puberty; and doesn’t have any erogenous zones
The Latency stage; key task of developing social relationships
What is the last stage of psychosexual development
Genital; from puberty on; genitals; developing mature social and sexual relationships
Humanistic Perspective
Emphasizes the central role of conscious experience, as well as the individual’s creative potential and their inborn striving for self-actualization
Self-actualization
Part of Abraham Maslows heirarchy of needs, considered to be ultimate human need and the highest expression of human nature.
The Self
Central Part of Carl Rogers self-theory. an organized consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs of oneself
Trait Perspective
people have certain basic traits and its the strength and intensity of those traits that account for the personality differences Gordon Allport recorded all english words that could be used to describe personal traits - trying to narrow them down
Sixteen Personality Factor
Raymond Cattell - 16 basic behaviour clusters - 16 personality factor questionaire
Hans Eyesenck Extraversion-Stability model
2 dimensions - Introversion-Extraversion and Instability-Stability 3rd added - psychoticism-self-control - the 2 dimensions combine to which shows the secondary traits. (Ex. Stable, Introverted - likely to be passive, careful, peaceful, reliable, controlled, calm)
What does OCEAN stand for?
The big 5 factor model; Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. Used the 16 dimensions in Cattell’s theory (thought too many) and Eyesenck’s theory (had too little)
Highs and Lows of each OCEAN
Openness - either conventional or original; not creative or creative; cautious or daring; open to change or hate it etc.
Conscientiousness - likes planning or hates structure; hardworking or lazy; reliable or undependable etc…
Extraversion - sociable or retiring; friendly or aloof; talkative or quiet
Agreeableness - Soft-hearted or ruthless; lenient or critical; forgiving or vengeful
Neuroticism - Worrying or calm; high strung or relaxed; self-conscious or comfortable
Social Cognitive Perspective
interacting social, cognitive and behaviour factors; learning through observation; Combined cognitive and behaviour perspectives
Reciprocal determinism
the person, their behaviour, and the environment all influence one another in pattern of two way casual link
Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Perspective
Humans are active agents in their own life, not at mercy of their environment we are self-reflective (think/evaluate our own motivations values and goals) and self-reactive (motivation/regulate our own behaviour and modify goals) And Self-effiacent (beliefs concerning our ability to perform behaviour for a desired outcome)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
MMPI - 567 true-false items - each answered differently by groups of patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. Now revised with 10 clinical scales and 3 validity scales Validity scales detect tendicy to lie on test and Clinical scales used to reveal important apects of personality as well as some psychiatric diagnosises
Common Projective Tests
Rosachach Inkblots; Thematic Apperception Test; Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank
Rorschach Inkblots; Thematic Apperception Test; Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank
- categorized from the type of objects seen ; different examiners can have different interpretations; 10 inkplots
-Tell a story about ambiguous illustration or picture; analyze themes
Free Association
Psychoanalysis therapy: Report verbally without any censorship while reclined on a couch. The therapist is out of view. It provides clues into the unconsciousness
Fixation
Arrested development where instincts focused on particular area
Archetypes
inherited tendency to interpret an experience in a certain way
Object Relation
mental representions of themselves and others from early experiences with caregivers
Personal Constructs
cognitive categories that people sort the people and events in their lives - primary basis for individual differences in personality
Self-Concepts
Newer term for “the self”; an organized, consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about oneself
Self-Consistency
No conflicts among self-perceptions
Congruence
consistency between self-perceptions and experience
Level of Adjustment
the degree of congruence between self-concept and experience helps to define; the more inflexible peoples self-concept the less open they are to experiences
Need for Positive regard
born for an innate need for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others (Carl Rogers)
Factor Analysis
used to identify clusters of behaviours that are correlated with on another highly so they can be viewed as reflecting a basic dimension; used for data reduction
Locus of Control
expectancy of the degree of personal control we have over our lives (internal = life outcomes largely under personal control)(external = life outcomes largely under environment control)
Consistency Paradox
An individuals personality tends to be the same overtime while behaviours can change in different situations
Personality Assessment
administration, scoring, and interpreting of empirical measures of personality traits
Interviews
One of the oldest methods of assessment; obtain information about a person’s thoughts, feelings and other internal states; Don’t just listen to the answers but watch behaviour as someone answers
Personality Scales
Widely used for assessing personality in research and clinical work - objective measures because of the standard set of questions usually t/f or rating scale and scored with agreed upon scoring key
