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Reproduction Physiology > Quiz 5 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

gamete transportation: barrier 1

A
  • cervical mucus
  • only strong sperm can swim through
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2
Q

gamete transportation: reservoir 1

A
  • cervical crypts
  • sperm colonized in the crypts and only motile/healthy sperm can keep moving
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3
Q

gamete transportation: barrier 2

A

endometrial glands

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4
Q

gamete transportation: reservoir 2

A
  • isthmus
  • very narrow, sperm will attach here, they then must become hyperactive to be released and go to the site of fertilization
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5
Q

gamete transportation: barrier 3

A

uterotubal junction

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6
Q

gamete transportation: barriers

A

1 - cervical mucus
2 - endometrial glands
3 - uterotubal junction

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7
Q

gamete transportation: reservoirs

A

1 - cerival crypts
2 - isthmus

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8
Q

where is sperm ejaculated?

A

vagina

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9
Q

steps of gamete transportation: immediate transport

A
  • site of ejaculation (vagina)
  • sperm are loss or move towards the cervix
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10
Q

steps of gamete transportation: cervix

A

removal of non-motile and abnormal sperm

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11
Q

steps of gamete transportation: uterus

A

capacitation initiated

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12
Q

steps of gamete transportation: oviduct

A
  • capacitation completed
  • hyperactive motility
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13
Q

steps of gamete transportation: fertilization

A
  • acrosome reaction
  • sperm penetrates oocyte
  • male and female pronuclei form
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14
Q

steps of gamete transportation

(how the sperm moves through the female reproductive tract)

A
  1. immediate transportation
  2. cervix
  3. uterus
  4. oviduct
  5. fertilization
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15
Q

where to deposit sperm during artificial insemination?

A

the body of the uterus
(uterine horn has the same success but better to do uterus)

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16
Q

oocyte transport through the oviduct

A
  1. egg is picked up by the infundibulum
  2. moved into the ampulla (wide part)
  3. isthmus is very narrow and has strong muscle to contract so that it can trap the egg at the ampullary isthmus junction (site of fertilization)
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17
Q

important events of fertilization

A
  1. capacitation
  2. sperm penetration between cumulus cells
  3. sperm attatchment to the zona pellucida
  4. sperm penetration to zona pellucida
  5. fusion of sperm and oocyte
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18
Q

why is capacitation important?

A
  1. surface molecules exposed can attach to the egg
  2. hyperactivity
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19
Q

capacitation

A

glycoprotein layer is removed

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20
Q

how is the glycoprotein created around the sperm?

A

sperm coming from the epididymis has surface molecules, the glycoprotein coating is created by seminal plasma in the colliculus seminalis

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21
Q

cumulus cells are rich in hyaluronic acid. What enzyme is needed to help sperm penetrate the cumulus cells?

A

hyaluronidase enzyme

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22
Q

ZP 1

A

structural support

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23
Q

ZP 2

A

helps an acrosome reacted sperm move through the zona

24
Q

ZP 3

A

zona protein that binds to a receptor on the sperm plasma membrane and induces the acrosome reaction

25
Q

why is ZP 3 important?

A

important for attatchment of sperm and induce acrosomal reaction

26
Q

acrosome reaction

A

release of enzymes needed to penetrate the zona pellucida

27
Q

sperm has receptors to bind to ______ and attaches to the zona pellucida

28
Q

acrosomal reaction: before reaction

A

acrosomal cap covers the head of sperm (inner and outer acrosomal membrane present)

29
Q

acrosomal reaction: during reaction

A

the plasma and outer acrosomal membrane fuse together, vesicles are formed, enzymes are released

30
Q

acrosomal reaction: after reaction

A
  • enzymes degrade the zona pellucida and sperm move inside
  • the sperm no longer have a plasma membrane, the inner acrosomal is what is left of the equatorial segment
31
Q

fusion of gamete membranes

(what order of events will occur at/after fusion)

A
  1. sperm penetration of vitelline membrane
  2. formation of pronuclei
  3. syngamy
32
Q

syngamy

A

pronuclei of sperm and egg come together

33
Q

for the fusion between sperm and egg, need a protein on the sperm called ________ and a receptor on the egg called ______

A

Izumo, juno

34
Q

male/sperm protein to bind to the vitelline membrane

35
Q

female/egg receptor to bind to the vitelline membrane

36
Q

if _______ is inhibited, the sperm can go through the zona pellucida because ZP3, however it could not fuse with the vitelline membrane

37
Q

gamete transportation of fertilization

(sperm)

A
  1. hyperactive motility
  2. binding to zona pellucida
  3. acrosomal reaction
  4. penetration of zona pellucida
  5. sperm-oocyte membrane fusion
  6. release of second polar body
  7. sperm engulfed
  8. formation of male and female pronucleus
38
Q

why must there be blockage of polyspermy?

A

only one sperm can fertilize an egg otherwise the embryo will die

39
Q

methods of block go polyspermy

A
  1. zona reaction (cow, pig)
  2. vitelline block (rabbit)
  3. zona reaction and vitelline block (rats and mice)
40
Q

mechanism of block of polyspermy

A

cortical reaction

41
Q

cortical reaction

A

after binding to the membrane, sperm stimulates the calcium ion in the oocyte which stimulates the release of cortical granules that contain enzymes that degrade receptors so sperm cannot bind to the zona pellucida)

42
Q

early embryonic development

(the stages of the cells as the grow)

A

one cell, two cell, four cell, eight cell, sixteen cell, morula, tight morula, early blastocyst, blastocyst, expanded blastocyst, hatching blastocyst

43
Q

location: one cell, two cell, four cell

A

ampullary-isthmic junction

44
Q

location: eight cell and sixteen cell

45
Q

when does the embryo enter the uterus?

A

around day 5, the morula will enter the uterus

46
Q

zygote vs egg

A

egg has one polar body, a zygote has two polar bodies because it has been fertilized

47
Q

morula

A

cells become different from each other

48
Q

chimera

A

the offspring of when 2 morulas are fused together

49
Q

what would occur is you separated blastomeres?

A

identical twins

50
Q

compaction of the morula

A

pre-compact you can see the boundaries of the cells, after compaction you cannot see boundaries as cells are tightly compacted creating sealing

51
Q

why does compaction occur, what is the purpose of sealing?

A

needed so that fluid can accumulate and not leak

52
Q

important structures in the blastocyst

A
  • blastocoel
  • inner cell mass
  • trophoblast
53
Q

blastocoel

A

fluid filled cavity in the blastocyst

54
Q

inner cell mass

A

forms the embryo

55
Q

trophoblast

A

forms placenta

Reproduction Physiology (15 decks)

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