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Reproduction Physiology > Quiz 2 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

genetic/chromosomal sex

A

XX and XY

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2
Q

gonadal sex

A

ovary vs testis

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3
Q

must first have ____ sex to form phenotypic sex

A

gonad

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4
Q

phenotypic sex

A
  • tubular repro tract
  • external genitalia
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • brain sexual behavior
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5
Q

homogametic sex

A

XX female

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6
Q

heterogametic sex

A

XY male

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7
Q

if there is no external stimuli the default is to go…

A

female

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8
Q

sex determining region Y

A

SRY gene

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9
Q

X chromosome inactivation

A

in females one of the X chromosomes is inactivated and appears as the Barr body in the somatic cells of females

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10
Q

birds chromosomes for male and female

A

homogametic: ZZ male
heterogametic: ZW female

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11
Q

abnormal chromosomes can occur: if there is a Y in the sequence it will be a _______, if there is NO Y in the sequence it will be a ________

A

male, female

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12
Q

sequence of development of reproductive system

A
  1. indifferent stage (biopotential gonad)
  2. development of gonads (testes and ovaries)
  3. development of tubular reproductive tract
  4. development of external genitalia
  5. sexual development of brain
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13
Q

WT1 and SF1

A
  • WT1 = Wilms Tumor Gene
  • SF1 = Steroidogenic Factor 1
    how the biopotential gonads are formed
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14
Q

the formation of the genital ridge begins on the ventral surface of the _____________ as paired thickenings of the coelomic epithelial layer

A

mesonephros

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15
Q

genital ridge is changed to the biopotential gonad by…

A

WT1 and SF1

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16
Q

PGCs

A

primordial germ cells

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17
Q

what does PGCs form?

A

sperm or oocyte

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18
Q

how are gonads developed?

A

migration of PGCs from the yolk sac to the genital ridge (biopotential gonads)

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19
Q

SRY Protein = transcription factor

A

meaning that when the protein attached to the DNA it will tell the genes to express SOX9

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20
Q

testis determining gene

A

SOX9

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21
Q

Sertoli cells

A

cells that keep sperm alive

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22
Q

what is a key event in testis formation?

A

sertoli cell formation

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23
Q

female duct

A

mullerin duct

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24
Q

what structures are in the mullerian duct?

A

oviduct, uterus, cervix, anterior vagina

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25
Q

male duct

A

wolffian duct

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26
Q

what structures are in the wolffian duct?

A

rete testis, epididymis, vesticular/accessory glands

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27
Q

in the early embryonic stage, the embryo has both male and female tracts, what happens to the other?

A

it degenerates

28
Q

2 important things to form the wolffian duct

A
  1. testosterone (stimulates growth)
  2. antimullerian hormone
29
Q

antimullerian hormone

A
  • form sertoli cells
  • degenerates/inhibits the female reproductive tract
30
Q

decent of testis into the scrotum

A

gonads are formed inside the body but need to move to the outside to have cooler temperatures to form sperm

31
Q

chriptorchid

A

testis stay inside the body (testicular degeneration)

32
Q

2 things that assist in decent of the testis

A
  1. increasing abdominal pressure
  2. shortening/shrinkage of gubernaculum ligament
33
Q

what can we do if decent of testis is not occurring?

A
  • give testosterone
  • surgery
34
Q

3 origins of male and female genitalia

A
  • genital tubercle
  • genital fold
  • genital swelling
35
Q

genital tubercle

A

penis or clitoris

36
Q

genital fold

A

prepuce or vulva (inner)

37
Q

genital swelling

A

scrotum or vulva (outer)

38
Q

need a ______ testosterone hormone to go male

A

strong

39
Q

testosterone is converted by ________ to make the more powerful form of _____________________

A

5a-reductase, 5a-dihydrotestosterone

40
Q

normal testosterone can make the male tract but will _______ make external genitalia

A

NOT

41
Q

freemartinism

A

in cows the placenta is fused together, so when male and female twins share a placenta they will also share hormones, so the female will get testosterone and AMH causing her mullerian tract to not fully develop making her sterile (but external genitalia will be normal because it is a different mechanism)

42
Q

sexual development of brain: male

A

high amount of estrogen in the brain

43
Q

sexual development of brain: male (explanation)

A

testis produces testosterone, testosterone is a small molecule that can pass through the blood brain barrier, once inside the brain testosterone is converted to estrogen by the aromatase enzyme, the high amount of estrogen in the brain tells the brain neurons (pre optic nucleus) to go male

44
Q

pre optic area sensitive period

A

a short amount of time that determines if the brain will go male or female

45
Q

sexual development of brain: female

A

estrogen binds to alpha fetoprotein which cannot pass through the brain barrier

46
Q

sexual development of brain: female (explanation)

A

the ovary produced estrogen and the fetus liver produces alpha fetoprotein and secretes it into the blood where it can bind to an estrogen hormone, this makes the molecule larger and it cannot pass into the blood brain barrier resulting in a low amount of estrogen int eh brain

47
Q

testicular feminization

A
  • XY = testes
  • problem: no testosterone receptors
  • there is testosterone and AMH still being made.. so no testosterone to form the wolffian tract and AMH will degenerate the muellirian tract (no male or female tract),
  • external genetalia will be female (no strong testosterone)
  • brain will be male (testosterone still goes to brain)
48
Q

androgenital syndrome

A
  • XX = ovaries
  • Andro = Male
  • problem: testosterone is made by the fetal adrenal, a lot of testosterone is being made but NO AMH
  • tubular tract is male and female
  • male genitalia
  • brain is male
49
Q

persistent mullerian duct

A
  • XY = testis
  • persistent mullerian = mullerian no degenerated
  • problem: testosterone made but NO AMH
  • male and female tract
  • male genitalia and brain
50
Q

“penis at twelve”

A
  • XY = testes
  • problem: NO alpha reductase enzyme activity
  • external genitalia is a female at birth and male at puberty because the fetus cannot make enough testosterone for make male genitalia but at puberty there is enough
  • male tubular tract and brain
51
Q

functions of the testes

A
  • exocrine = sperm formation
  • endocrine = testosterone
52
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

where sperm is formed

53
Q

rete testis

A

collecting tubules of sperm
(from seminiferous tubules to the rete testis)

54
Q

efferent ducts

A

where the sperm moves after the rate testis and moves them into the head of the epididymis

55
Q

epididymis

A
  • head, body, and tail
  • sperm matures as it moves through
  • mature sperm is stored in the tail
56
Q

vas deferens (ductus deference)

A

moves mature sperm from the epididymis to the body

57
Q

leydig cells

A

produce testosterone

58
Q

type A spermatogonium divides into 2 cells:

A
  1. a replacement cell called type B spermatogonium
  2. becomes sperm
59
Q

why is it important that the type A spermatogonium divides into 2 different cells?

A

because it allows male to have an unlimited amount of sperm

60
Q

stages of sperm development

A
  1. type A spermatogonium divides
  2. pachytene primary spermatocyte
  3. early spermatid
  4. late spermaid
  5. sperm
61
Q

what occurs to the sperm cells if the testicle gets too hot?

A

sperm will not form, if the spermatogonium layer is affected / degenerates the male will become sterile

62
Q

4 mechanisms of testicular thermoregulation

A
  1. scrotum
  2. tunica dartos muscle
  3. cremaster muscle
  4. pampiniform plexus
63
Q

testicular thermoregulation: scrotum

A

nerve cells in the scrotum to regulate the temperature in the animal
(if it is warm, it will increase respiration)

64
Q

testicular thermoregulation: tunica dartos muscle

A
  • thin layer of muscle lining the scrotum
  • cold = contract/shrink to decrease surface area
  • warm = relax to increase the surface area of the scrotum
65
Q

testicular thermoregulation: cremaster muscle

A
  • connects the testicle to the iguanal canal
  • cold = pull close to the body
  • warm = relax and push away from the body
66
Q

testicular thermoregulation: pampiniform plexus

A
  • highly convolutes vein network that surrounds the arteries
  • the veins carry cold blood while the arteries carry warm blood, so the veins are able to cool the arteries

Reproduction Physiology (15 decks)

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