Quiz 4 - Vocabulary Flashcards
Amenorrhea
absence or cessation of the menstrual cycle.
Anovulatory estrus
Expression of estrus without ovulation
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death as occurs during luteolysis.
Anestrus
Absence of estrous cycles or a period of sexual inactivity between two breeding seasons
Antrum
A cavity formed by separation of follicular cells, within which lies the oocyte. It is lined by the mural granulosa cells, and contains the follicular fluid.
Atresia
Degenerative changes undergone by unruptured follicles in the ovaries
Bartholin’s glands
A pair of female glands homologous to the bulbo-urethral glands of the male; located on each side of the urethral orifice; they secrete a lubricating mucus into the vestibule.
Cervical os
Opening of the cervix.
Contralateral
Refers to being on the opposite side
Cumulus cells
Granulosa cells located in the vicinity of the oocyte
Cyst
A vesicle or sac containing a fluid or semisolid substance
Dilate
To distend; widen beyond normal limits
Edema
The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body.
Endometrium
Inner layer of the wall of the uterus consisting of the epithelial lining of the lumen, the glandular layer, and connective tissue
Estrous cycle
The estrous cycle is characterized by a defined period of sexual receptivity (estrus) and the length of the cycle is determined by the interval from one estrus to the next
Estrus
he period of sexual receptivity during an estrous cycle (standing heat) when a heifer or cow will stand to be mounted (normally 12 to 18 hr; range < 8hr to > 30 hr).
Follicular wave
Bovine follicles grow in waves starting with recruitment of a cohort of small follicles followed by selection of a single follicle from the cohort to continue growing. The selected follicle becomes dominant in size and in its ability to inhibit growth of subordinate follicles. Once the dominant follicle loses its dominance follicular recruitment can occur and a
new wave begins. Follicular waves occur before puberty, and continue during pregnancy and the postpartum anestrous period even though none of these follicles ovulate. Typically two or three follicular waves occur per estrous cycle in cattle. Dominant follicles ovulate following estrus or
in response to an injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).
Recruitment
Refers to the first stage of a follicular wave during which a cohort (group) of small follicles begin to grow from a pool of antral follicles (≤ 4 mm).
Selection
In cattle, selection occurs approximately 36 to 48 hours after the initiation of recruitment, at which time one follicle becomes larger than the others in the cohort. The remaining follicles in the cohort degenerate.
Dominance
In cattle, follicular dominance is characterized by the growth of the selected follicle into a dominant follicle. The follicle is dominant in terms of its size and influence over other follicles. A new follicular wave cannot be initiated until the dominant follicle loses its dominance. Administration of GnRH in cows with a dominant follicle will induce ovulation and synchronize a follicular wave
Gamete
A germ cell of either sex, e.g. a sperm or an ovum (egg)
Hyperemia
Excess of blood in any part the body; congestion of blood.
Hypertrophy
Excessive increase in size of an organ or tissue, as from unusual stimulation.
Hyperplasia
an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.
Ipsilateral
Refers to being on the same side.
Luteal phase
Stage of the estrous cycle when the corpus luteum is active and progesterone influence predominates
Luteolysis
The process of corpus luteum regression and death
Maternal
Pertaining to the mother
Maternal recognition of pregnancy
The process by which the embryo signals its presence to the mother
Menopause
termination of menstrual cycles due to a decrease in the population of ovarian follicles below a threshold level.
Menstrual Cycle
Reproductive cycle occurring in humans and some other species of primates in the absence of pregnancy
Menstruation
regular sloughing of the endometrial lining that occurs near the end of a nonpregnant menstrual cycle.
Mural granulosa cells
The granulosa cells that make up the wall of the Graafian follicle.
Myometrium
The muscular substance of the uterus consisting of three layers, internal circular layer, external longitudinal layer and separating these, the vascular layer
Necrosis
Form of cell death resulting from damage to the cell or tissue
Oogenesis
The cell divisions, including meiosis, through which the germ cells of the female pass before they are mature and ready for fertilization
Oocyte
(egg) A mature female gamete which is analogous to the male gamete (spermatozoa)
Ostium
Opening of a tubular organ such as the oviduct
Phagocytosis
The engulfing of micro-organisms, cells or foreign particles by certain cells
Polyploidy
The state of possessing more than two full sets of homologous chromosomes in each somatic cell
Portal system
Set of blood vessels carrying the blood between two organs, for example from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary or from digestive organs and spleen to the liver
Progestational
Phase of estrous cycle (or menstrual cycle) when the corpus lutem is active, and the endometrium is under the influence or progesterone (same as luteal phase).
Puberty
Refers to a developmental process during which a species attains the ability to reproduce
Silent ovulation
Ovulation without behavioral estrus
Stigma
The site of follicular rupture on the Graafian follicle wall at ovulation
Stroma
The tissue that makes up framework, ground substance or matrix of an organ
Unilateral
Refers to being on the same side
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina
Vitellus
Cytoplasm of an oocyte
Vitelline membrane
The plasma membrane of the oocyte.
Zona Pellucida
A thick mucoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte
