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Reproduction Physiology > Quiz 4 - Vocabulary > Flashcards

Quiz 4 - Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Amenorrhea

A

absence or cessation of the menstrual cycle.

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2
Q

Anovulatory estrus

A

Expression of estrus without ovulation

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3
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death as occurs during luteolysis.

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4
Q

Anestrus

A

Absence of estrous cycles or a period of sexual inactivity between two breeding seasons

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5
Q

Antrum

A

A cavity formed by separation of follicular cells, within which lies the oocyte. It is lined by the mural granulosa cells, and contains the follicular fluid.

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6
Q

Atresia

A

Degenerative changes undergone by unruptured follicles in the ovaries

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7
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

A pair of female glands homologous to the bulbo-urethral glands of the male; located on each side of the urethral orifice; they secrete a lubricating mucus into the vestibule.

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8
Q

Cervical os

A

Opening of the cervix.

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9
Q

Contralateral

A

Refers to being on the opposite side

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10
Q

Cumulus cells

A

Granulosa cells located in the vicinity of the oocyte

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11
Q

Cyst

A

A vesicle or sac containing a fluid or semisolid substance

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12
Q

Dilate

A

To distend; widen beyond normal limits

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13
Q

Edema

A

The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body.

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14
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner layer of the wall of the uterus consisting of the epithelial lining of the lumen, the glandular layer, and connective tissue

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15
Q

Estrous cycle

A

The estrous cycle is characterized by a defined period of sexual receptivity (estrus) and the length of the cycle is determined by the interval from one estrus to the next

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16
Q

Estrus

A

he period of sexual receptivity during an estrous cycle (standing heat) when a heifer or cow will stand to be mounted (normally 12 to 18 hr; range < 8hr to > 30 hr).

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17
Q

Follicular wave

A

Bovine follicles grow in waves starting with recruitment of a cohort of small follicles followed by selection of a single follicle from the cohort to continue growing. The selected follicle becomes dominant in size and in its ability to inhibit growth of subordinate follicles. Once the dominant follicle loses its dominance follicular recruitment can occur and a
new wave begins. Follicular waves occur before puberty, and continue during pregnancy and the postpartum anestrous period even though none of these follicles ovulate. Typically two or three follicular waves occur per estrous cycle in cattle. Dominant follicles ovulate following estrus or
in response to an injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).

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18
Q

Recruitment

A

Refers to the first stage of a follicular wave during which a cohort (group) of small follicles begin to grow from a pool of antral follicles (≤ 4 mm).

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19
Q

Selection

A

In cattle, selection occurs approximately 36 to 48 hours after the initiation of recruitment, at which time one follicle becomes larger than the others in the cohort. The remaining follicles in the cohort degenerate.

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20
Q

Dominance

A

In cattle, follicular dominance is characterized by the growth of the selected follicle into a dominant follicle. The follicle is dominant in terms of its size and influence over other follicles. A new follicular wave cannot be initiated until the dominant follicle loses its dominance. Administration of GnRH in cows with a dominant follicle will induce ovulation and synchronize a follicular wave

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21
Q

Gamete

A

A germ cell of either sex, e.g. a sperm or an ovum (egg)

22
Q

Hyperemia

A

Excess of blood in any part the body; congestion of blood.

23
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Excessive increase in size of an organ or tissue, as from unusual stimulation.

24
Q

Hyperplasia

A

an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.

25
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Refers to being on the same side.

26
Q

Luteal phase

A

Stage of the estrous cycle when the corpus luteum is active and progesterone influence predominates

27
Q

Luteolysis

A

The process of corpus luteum regression and death

28
Q

Maternal

A

Pertaining to the mother

29
Q

Maternal recognition of pregnancy

A

The process by which the embryo signals its presence to the mother

30
Q

Menopause

A

termination of menstrual cycles due to a decrease in the population of ovarian follicles below a threshold level.

31
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A

Reproductive cycle occurring in humans and some other species of primates in the absence of pregnancy

32
Q

Menstruation

A

regular sloughing of the endometrial lining that occurs near the end of a nonpregnant menstrual cycle.

33
Q

Mural granulosa cells

A

The granulosa cells that make up the wall of the Graafian follicle.

34
Q

Myometrium

A

The muscular substance of the uterus consisting of three layers, internal circular layer, external longitudinal layer and separating these, the vascular layer

35
Q

Necrosis

A

Form of cell death resulting from damage to the cell or tissue

36
Q

Oogenesis

A

The cell divisions, including meiosis, through which the germ cells of the female pass before they are mature and ready for fertilization

37
Q

Oocyte

A

(egg) A mature female gamete which is analogous to the male gamete (spermatozoa)

38
Q

Ostium

A

Opening of a tubular organ such as the oviduct

39
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The engulfing of micro-organisms, cells or foreign particles by certain cells

40
Q

Polyploidy

A

The state of possessing more than two full sets of homologous chromosomes in each somatic cell

41
Q

Portal system

A

Set of blood vessels carrying the blood between two organs, for example from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary or from digestive organs and spleen to the liver

42
Q

Progestational

A

Phase of estrous cycle (or menstrual cycle) when the corpus lutem is active, and the endometrium is under the influence or progesterone (same as luteal phase).

43
Q

Puberty

A

Refers to a developmental process during which a species attains the ability to reproduce

44
Q

Silent ovulation

A

Ovulation without behavioral estrus

45
Q

Stigma

A

The site of follicular rupture on the Graafian follicle wall at ovulation

46
Q

Stroma

A

The tissue that makes up framework, ground substance or matrix of an organ

47
Q

Unilateral

A

Refers to being on the same side

48
Q

Vaginitis

A

Inflammation of the vagina

49
Q

Vitellus

A

Cytoplasm of an oocyte

50
Q

Vitelline membrane

A

The plasma membrane of the oocyte.

51
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

A thick mucoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte

Reproduction Physiology (13 decks)

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