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Reproduction Physiology > Quiz 2 vocabulary > Flashcards

Quiz 2 vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Acidophil

A

Cells with cytoplasmic granules that stain readily with acid dyes. Acidophils of the anterior pituitary gland secrete prolactin and growth hormone.

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2
Q

Agonist

A

a substance that can bind to a receptor and act like a native substance resulting in the normal physiologic response

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3
Q

Anastomosis

A

A communication between two hollow parts, organs or vessels, that are normally separate.

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4
Q

Antagonist

A

a substance that inhibits the normal action of a hormone or native substance.

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5
Q

Androgen

A

Hormones with masculinizing properties.

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6
Q

Autocrine communication

A

When a hormone stimulates the same cell from which it is secreted

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7
Q

Basophil

A

A group of cells containing granules which stain readily with basic dyes. Basophils of the anterior pituitary gland secrete follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

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8
Q

Bioassay

A

Qualitative or quantitative determination of a substance using living biological material, e.g. rats, mice

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9
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Failure of the mammalian testes to descent into the scrotum

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10
Q

Down regulation

A

decrease in the number of receptors on a target tissue.

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11
Q

Endocrinology

A

The study of the actions and interactions of the secretions of the endocrine glands

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12
Q

Endocrine secretion

A

Secretion of a hormone from an endocrine gland which is transported in the blood to a target organ

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13
Q

Endocrine gland

A

A gland that secretes its product directly into the blood instead into ducts

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14
Q

Endogenous

A

That which originates within the body.

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15
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein capable of accelerating some biochemical change in its substrate for which it is usually specific. Enzyme names normally end in “ase (e.g. adenylate cyclase or lipase).

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16
Q

Estrogen

A

Hormones that promote estrus and stimulate secondary sexual characteristics in females

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17
Q

Exocrine secretion

A

Secretion of a product into a duct

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18
Q

Exogenous

A

That which is introduced into the body from outside

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19
Q

Feedback (positive and negative)

A

a physiological mechanism by which the secretion of a
hormone from a target organ is either inhibited (negative feedback) or stimulated (positive feedback) when the circulating concentration of the hormone attains a specific level

20
Q

An example of negative feedback

A

LH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum. As circulating concentrations of progesterone increase, in the blood, progesterone binds to receptors in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland to decrease the secretion of GnRH and LH, respectively

21
Q

An example of positive
feedback

A

H from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates estradiol secretion from the Graafian follicle. As circulating concentrations of estradiol increase in the blood, during the preovulatory period, estradiol binds to receptors in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland to increase the secretion of GnRH and LH, respectively

22
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein conjugated with a carbohydrate group

23
Q

Gonad

A

A primary sex gland, an ovary or testis.

24
Q

Half life

A

the time required for one half of a substance (e.g. hormone concentration) to be cleared from the body

25
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment. This is the goal of physiological mechanisms

26
Q

Hormone

A

a chemical signal that is secreted directly into the blood by an endocrine gland and that elicits a physiological response from a target tissue.

27
Q

Hormone receptor down regulation

A

a reduction in the number of receptors for a specific hormone

28
Q

Hypophysectomy

A

Removal of the hypophysis (pituitary) by surgery.

29
Q

Hypophysis

A

Pituitary gland

30
Q

Hypothalamic nucleus

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies in a specific location within the hypothalamus that control a physiological response. An example of a hypothalamic nucleus is the tonic center which is a collection of cell bodies of neuroendocrine cells that synthesize GnRH and are responsive to negative feedback in males and females.

31
Q

Intracrine communication

A

When a hormone stimulates a cell without being secreted

32
Q

Kinase

A

An enzyme that phosphorylates a protein (e.g. Protein kinase)

33
Q

Ligand

A

any substance (e.g. protein, hormone, functional group) that binds specifically and reversibly to another chemical entity.

34
Q

Lipoprotein

A

A protein conjugated with a lipid

35
Q

Luteotropin

A

a hormone or signal that promotes the maintenance and function of a corpus luteum.

36
Q

Luteolysin

A

hormone or signal that causes the corpus luteum to regress (luteolysis)

37
Q

Morphogenesis

A

The development of form; the development undergone by an organism to approximate to the type of its species.

38
Q

Morphology

A

The science of the form and structure of organisms

39
Q

Neurohormone

A

a hormone that is secreted directly from a neuron into the blood

40
Q

Paracrine communication

A

When a hormone stimulates an adjacent cell without entering the blood.

41
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Addition of a phosphate group to a protein. Phosphorylation is an important process for activating or inhibiting the biological activity of a protein.

42
Q

Physiology

A

The science which deals with the functions of the living body and its organs.

43
Q

Progestogen (Progestin)

A

A hormone that has biological activity similar to progesterone

44
Q

Signal transduction

A

a molecular biology term in which a signal outside a cell causes a response inside a cell. An example would be the binding of LH to a cell surface receptor to cause an intracellular increase in cAMP

45
Q

Steroid

A

A group name for compounds that chemically resemble cholesterol: sex hormones are members of this group

46
Q

Steroidogenesis

A

the synthesis of a steroid by a cell

47
Q

Synergism

A

The joint action of two or more hormones or structures so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual affects

Reproduction Physiology (15 decks)

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