Quiz 1 Lecture Notes Flashcards
3 types of reproduction processes
- oviparous
- viviparous
- ovoviviparous
oviparous
female lays eggs which hatch outside the body
oviparous example
birds, reptile, amphibian, fish
viviparous
give birth to live young which are nourished by contact between placenta and uterus
viviparous example
mammals
ovoviviparous
gives birth to live young which hatch from eggs inside the body
ovoviviparous example
some sharks, snakes, lizards, amphibians
types of ovulation
- induced
- spontaneous
ovulation
a follicle contains an oocyte, when the follicle is mature, ovulation can occur, ovulation ruptures the follicle releasing an egg
when is estrogen high in reference to ovulation?
when a follicle is mature, there is a high amount of estrogen so there are signs of heat
spontaneous ovulation
ovulation occurs every reproductive cycle
spontaneous ovulation example
human, cows, rodents
induced ovulation
ovulation only occurs after mating
induced ovulation examples
cats, rabbits, camels
(animals that typically don’t live in groups)
delayed fertilization and species example
typically sperm can only stay alive for 1-2 days in a females reproductive tract but in BATS, sperm can stay alive for months during hibernation
delayed development and species example
after fertilization, BATS are able to maintain the blastocyst stage to slow down development
blastocyst
a cluster of dividing cells made by a fertilized egg
delayed implantation (embryonic dispause)
a blastocyst needs to be implanted, this typically occurs right away but some species can delay the process of implantation
delayed implantation (embryonic dispause) example species
grizzly bear, elephant seal
(hibernating animals)
what is the reason for delayed implantation?
typically needed in hibernating animals, a fetus needs a lot of energy and by delaying implantation you can decrease energy needs (but the blastocyst remains)
2 types of delayed implantation
- obligate
- facultative
obligate delayed implantation
delay occurs every time
obligate delayed implantation species example
badger, mink, bear, skunk, etc.
facultative delayed implantation
may or may not occur, the animal cannot decide but rather it depends on their hormones (ex: prolactin)
facultative delayed implantation species example
rodents and marsupials
spontaneous abortion (bruce effect)
occurs when a pregnant female spontaneously aborts in response to a novel male
monozygotic polyembryony
embryo divides/clones into multiple offspring
environmental control of gestation length
some animals, like DEER (herd animals), will parturition with in 1-2 days of each other (even if inseminated at different times
menopause
loss of fertility through loss of oocyte production
menopause species example
orca
intrafollicular fertilization
egg is fertilized in the follicle
intrafollicular fertilization species example
tenrec, short tailed shrew
endocrine communication
- chemical messenger
- secreted by endocrine glands
- transported by BLOOD
- target tissue (receptor) –> physiologic response
paracrine communication
hormone stimulates adjacent cells without entering the blood
autocrine communication
hormone stimulates the same cell that secretes the hormone
intracrine communication
hormone stimulates the cell without being secreted
chemical structures of hormones
- protein
- steroid
- fatty acid (lipid)
which hormones are small in size so they can go through skin?
- steroid
- fatty acid
3 types of protein hormones
- peptides (short chain AA)
- proteins (long chain AA)
- glycoproteins (protein + CHO)
protein hormone example
- peptide
- protein
- glycoproteins
- peptide = GnRH, oxytocin
- protein = prolactin
- glycoprotein = FSH
why can glycoproteins stay in the blood longer?
they are a more complex molecule, cannot be metabolized easily
GnRH
- gonadatropin releasing hormone
- master regulator of reproduction
FSH
- follicle stimulating hormone
- female: grows follicles
- male: spermatogenesis
LH
- lutenizing hormone
- female: ovulation and progesterone
- male: testosterone
steroid hormones are synthesized from _____________
cholesterol
enzymes are able to transfer cholesterol and steroid hormones from one to the other.. give an example
testosterone —-(aromatase)—> estrogen
lipid hormones are…
(give a reproduction hormone name)
prostaglandins
lipid hormones are derived from…..
arachidonic acid (20 carbon unsaturated fatty acid)
functions of prostaglandins
- smooth muscle contraction, lipid metabolism, mediate inflammation, mediate inflammation
- PGE2
- PGF2a
function of PGE2
vasodilation, maintenance of CL, ovulation
function of PGF2a
vasoconstriction, regress CL, ovulation, parturition
Effect of Controlling Hormones
- amount of hormone
- amount of receptors
- affinity of binding between the hormone of the receptor
- rate of metabolism
most metabolism of proteins happens in the _________
LIVER
glycoproteins are excreted in ___________
urine
prostaglandins metabolize by enzymes in the __________
lungs
2 steps to steroid metabolism
- liver (remove double bond and add glucurionic acid to a sulphate)
- kidney (urination)
characteristics of a hormone
- do NOT supply energy
- regulate rates of specific processes
- act in small quantities
- short half life
- bind to receptors
- immediate to delayed action
- help maintain homeostasis
- reproductive hormones can be peptides, proteins, steroids, or derivatives of fatty acids
________________ is the most important organ in reproduction
hypothalamus
explain feedback regulation
hypothalamus releases a hormones and sends it to the anterior pituitary which will then release a trophic hormone that will go to the target gland, the target gland hormone will either stop or decrease the amount of the hormone
explain feedback regulation using GnRH in males
hypothalamus releases a GnRH and sends it to the anterior pituitary which will then release a LH that will go to the testicles, the testosterone will either stop or decrease the amount of the hormone
central dogma
DNA –> RNA –> protein
male determining gene
SRY (sex determining region Y) gene
how does SRY gene work?
SRY activates AMH which blocks the development of the female ductal system
Eosin is a negatively charged _______ dye staining the __________ pink
acidic, cytoplasm
Hematoxylin can be considered a ________ dye staining the ________ purple/blue
basic, nucleus
in the anterior pituitary gland, the hormone is brought through the ______________
bloodstream
is there a physical connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?
NO
hypothalamo hypophyseal portal veins
connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
what is the main purpose of the hypothalamo hypophyseal portal veins?
bring GnRH to the anterior pituitary gland, the close association allows for minute quantities of hormones to carry out their action
why does GnRH not go though bloodstream circulation?
circulation would cause dilution, which means only a small amount of hormone would be transferred to the target
is there a physical connection between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland?
YES, via nerve tissue
what is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
FSH and LH
hypothalamus neurons and hormones travel via nerve axons to posterior pituitary ___________ ___________
capillary plexus
what hormone is made in the hypothalamus but stored and secreted in the posterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin
what regulates GnRH production?
kisspeptin neuron
2 hormones the hypothalamus produces and their chemical class
- GnRH (decapeptide)
- oxytocin (octapeptide)
GnRH principle function
stimulates release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
oxytocin principle function
produced by hypothalamus released at posterior pituitary
what kind of chemical classes can the hypothalamus make?
peptides
2 hormones the anterior pituitary produces and their chemical class
- FSH (glycoprotein)
- LH (glycoprotein)
FSH principle function
female: follicle growth and estrogen production
male: spermatogenesis
LH principle function
female: ovulation, form CL, progesterone secretion
male: testosterone synthesis by leydig cells
what hormone can the ovary produce that stimulates mating behavior and sex characteristics? What is the chemical class?
estrogen (steroid)
what hormone does the CL produce? chemical class?
progesterone (steroid)
progesterone principle function
maintain pregnancy, mammary growth and section
__________ cells respond to LH to produce testosterone
leydig
what hormones does the uterus produce? chemical class?
PGF2a and PGE (lipids)
PGF2a principle function
regression of the CL, ovulation
what hormone does the adrenal cortex produce and what chemical class?
cortisol (steroid)
cortisol principle function
induction of parturition by the fetus, stress response, milk synthesis
what hormones are produced by the placenta? chemical class?
human chronic gonadotropin (hCG) and equine chronic gonadotropin (glycoprotein)
hCG principle function
LH like - involves with establishment of pregnancy, supports and maintains CL
