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Reproduction Physiology > Quiz 1 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of reproduction processes

A
  • oviparous
  • viviparous
  • ovoviviparous
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2
Q

oviparous

A

female lays eggs which hatch outside the body

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3
Q

oviparous example

A

birds, reptile, amphibian, fish

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4
Q

viviparous

A

give birth to live young which are nourished by contact between placenta and uterus

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5
Q

viviparous example

A

mammals

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6
Q

ovoviviparous

A

gives birth to live young which hatch from eggs inside the body

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7
Q

ovoviviparous example

A

some sharks, snakes, lizards, amphibians

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8
Q

types of ovulation

A
  • induced
  • spontaneous
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9
Q

ovulation

A

a follicle contains an oocyte, when the follicle is mature, ovulation can occur, ovulation ruptures the follicle releasing an egg

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10
Q

when is estrogen high in reference to ovulation?

A

when a follicle is mature, there is a high amount of estrogen so there are signs of heat

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11
Q

spontaneous ovulation

A

ovulation occurs every reproductive cycle

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12
Q

spontaneous ovulation example

A

human, cows, rodents

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13
Q

induced ovulation

A

ovulation only occurs after mating

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14
Q

induced ovulation examples

A

cats, rabbits, camels
(animals that typically don’t live in groups)

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15
Q

delayed fertilization and species example

A

typically sperm can only stay alive for 1-2 days in a females reproductive tract but in BATS, sperm can stay alive for months during hibernation

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16
Q

delayed development and species example

A

after fertilization, BATS are able to maintain the blastocyst stage to slow down development

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17
Q

blastocyst

A

a cluster of dividing cells made by a fertilized egg

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18
Q

delayed implantation (embryonic dispause)

A

a blastocyst needs to be implanted, this typically occurs right away but some species can delay the process of implantation

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19
Q

delayed implantation (embryonic dispause) example species

A

grizzly bear, elephant seal
(hibernating animals)

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20
Q

what is the reason for delayed implantation?

A

typically needed in hibernating animals, a fetus needs a lot of energy and by delaying implantation you can decrease energy needs (but the blastocyst remains)

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21
Q

2 types of delayed implantation

A
  • obligate
  • facultative
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22
Q

obligate delayed implantation

A

delay occurs every time

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23
Q

obligate delayed implantation species example

A

badger, mink, bear, skunk, etc.

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24
Q

facultative delayed implantation

A

may or may not occur, the animal cannot decide but rather it depends on their hormones (ex: prolactin)

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25
Q

facultative delayed implantation species example

A

rodents and marsupials

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26
Q

spontaneous abortion (bruce effect)

A

occurs when a pregnant female spontaneously aborts in response to a novel male

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27
Q

monozygotic polyembryony

A

embryo divides/clones into multiple offspring

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28
Q

environmental control of gestation length

A

some animals, like DEER (herd animals), will parturition with in 1-2 days of each other (even if inseminated at different times

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29
Q

menopause

A

loss of fertility through loss of oocyte production

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30
Q

menopause species example

A

orca

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31
Q

intrafollicular fertilization

A

egg is fertilized in the follicle

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32
Q

intrafollicular fertilization species example

A

tenrec, short tailed shrew

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33
Q

endocrine communication

A
  1. chemical messenger
  2. secreted by endocrine glands
  3. transported by BLOOD
  4. target tissue (receptor) –> physiologic response
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34
Q

paracrine communication

A

hormone stimulates adjacent cells without entering the blood

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35
Q

autocrine communication

A

hormone stimulates the same cell that secretes the hormone

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36
Q

intracrine communication

A

hormone stimulates the cell without being secreted

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37
Q

chemical structures of hormones

A
  • protein
  • steroid
  • fatty acid (lipid)
38
Q

which hormones are small in size so they can go through skin?

A
  • steroid
  • fatty acid
39
Q

3 types of protein hormones

A
  • peptides (short chain AA)
  • proteins (long chain AA)
  • glycoproteins (protein + CHO)
40
Q

protein hormone example
- peptide
- protein
- glycoproteins

A
  • peptide = GnRH, oxytocin
  • protein = prolactin
  • glycoprotein = FSH
41
Q

why can glycoproteins stay in the blood longer?

A

they are a more complex molecule, cannot be metabolized easily

42
Q

GnRH

A
  • gonadatropin releasing hormone
  • master regulator of reproduction
43
Q

FSH

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • female: grows follicles
  • male: spermatogenesis
44
Q

LH

A
  • lutenizing hormone
  • female: ovulation and progesterone
  • male: testosterone
45
Q

steroid hormones are synthesized from _____________

A

cholesterol

46
Q

enzymes are able to transfer cholesterol and steroid hormones from one to the other.. give an example

A

testosterone —-(aromatase)—> estrogen

47
Q

lipid hormones are…

(give a reproduction hormone name)

A

prostaglandins

48
Q

lipid hormones are derived from…..

A

arachidonic acid (20 carbon unsaturated fatty acid)

49
Q

functions of prostaglandins

A
  • smooth muscle contraction, lipid metabolism, mediate inflammation, mediate inflammation
  • PGE2
  • PGF2a
50
Q

function of PGE2

A

vasodilation, maintenance of CL, ovulation

51
Q

function of PGF2a

A

vasoconstriction, regress CL, ovulation, parturition

52
Q

Effect of Controlling Hormones

A
  1. amount of hormone
  2. amount of receptors
  3. affinity of binding between the hormone of the receptor
  4. rate of metabolism
53
Q

most metabolism of proteins happens in the _________

A

LIVER

54
Q

glycoproteins are excreted in ___________

A

urine

55
Q

prostaglandins metabolize by enzymes in the __________

A

lungs

56
Q

2 steps to steroid metabolism

A
  1. liver (remove double bond and add glucurionic acid to a sulphate)
  2. kidney (urination)
57
Q

characteristics of a hormone

A
  • do NOT supply energy
  • regulate rates of specific processes
  • act in small quantities
  • short half life
  • bind to receptors
  • immediate to delayed action
  • help maintain homeostasis
  • reproductive hormones can be peptides, proteins, steroids, or derivatives of fatty acids
58
Q

________________ is the most important organ in reproduction

A

hypothalamus

59
Q

explain feedback regulation

A

hypothalamus releases a hormones and sends it to the anterior pituitary which will then release a trophic hormone that will go to the target gland, the target gland hormone will either stop or decrease the amount of the hormone

60
Q

explain feedback regulation using GnRH in males

A

hypothalamus releases a GnRH and sends it to the anterior pituitary which will then release a LH that will go to the testicles, the testosterone will either stop or decrease the amount of the hormone

61
Q

central dogma

A

DNA –> RNA –> protein

62
Q

male determining gene

A

SRY (sex determining region Y) gene

63
Q

how does SRY gene work?

A

SRY activates AMH which blocks the development of the female ductal system

64
Q

Eosin is a negatively charged _______ dye staining the __________ pink

A

acidic, cytoplasm

65
Q

Hematoxylin can be considered a ________ dye staining the ________ purple/blue

A

basic, nucleus

66
Q

in the anterior pituitary gland, the hormone is brought through the ______________

A

bloodstream

67
Q

is there a physical connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?

A

NO

68
Q

hypothalamo hypophyseal portal veins

A

connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

69
Q

what is the main purpose of the hypothalamo hypophyseal portal veins?

A

bring GnRH to the anterior pituitary gland, the close association allows for minute quantities of hormones to carry out their action

70
Q

why does GnRH not go though bloodstream circulation?

A

circulation would cause dilution, which means only a small amount of hormone would be transferred to the target

71
Q

is there a physical connection between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland?

A

YES, via nerve tissue

72
Q

what is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

FSH and LH

73
Q

hypothalamus neurons and hormones travel via nerve axons to posterior pituitary ___________ ___________

A

capillary plexus

74
Q

what hormone is made in the hypothalamus but stored and secreted in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

oxytocin

75
Q

what regulates GnRH production?

A

kisspeptin neuron

76
Q

2 hormones the hypothalamus produces and their chemical class

A
  • GnRH (decapeptide)
  • oxytocin (octapeptide)
77
Q

GnRH principle function

A

stimulates release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

78
Q

oxytocin principle function

A

produced by hypothalamus released at posterior pituitary

79
Q

what kind of chemical classes can the hypothalamus make?

A

peptides

80
Q

2 hormones the anterior pituitary produces and their chemical class

A
  • FSH (glycoprotein)
  • LH (glycoprotein)
81
Q

FSH principle function

A

female: follicle growth and estrogen production
male: spermatogenesis

82
Q

LH principle function

A

female: ovulation, form CL, progesterone secretion
male: testosterone synthesis by leydig cells

83
Q

what hormone can the ovary produce that stimulates mating behavior and sex characteristics? What is the chemical class?

A

estrogen (steroid)

84
Q

what hormone does the CL produce? chemical class?

A

progesterone (steroid)

85
Q

progesterone principle function

A

maintain pregnancy, mammary growth and section

86
Q

__________ cells respond to LH to produce testosterone

A

leydig

87
Q

what hormones does the uterus produce? chemical class?

A

PGF2a and PGE (lipids)

88
Q

PGF2a principle function

A

regression of the CL, ovulation

89
Q

what hormone does the adrenal cortex produce and what chemical class?

A

cortisol (steroid)

90
Q

cortisol principle function

A

induction of parturition by the fetus, stress response, milk synthesis

91
Q

what hormones are produced by the placenta? chemical class?

A

human chronic gonadotropin (hCG) and equine chronic gonadotropin (glycoprotein)

92
Q

hCG principle function

A

LH like - involves with establishment of pregnancy, supports and maintains CL

Reproduction Physiology (15 decks)

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