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Reproduction Physiology > Quiz 1 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of reproduction processes

A
  • oviparous
  • viviparous
  • ovoviviparous
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2
Q

oviparous

A

female lays eggs which hatch outside the body

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3
Q

oviparous example

A

birds, reptile, amphibian, fish

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4
Q

viviparous

A

give birth to live young which are nourished by contact between placenta and uterus

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5
Q

viviparous example

A

mammals

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6
Q

ovoviviparous

A

gives birth to live young which hatch from eggs inside the body

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7
Q

ovoviviparous example

A

some sharks, snakes, lizards, amphibians

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8
Q

types of ovulation

A
  • induced
  • spontaneous
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9
Q

ovulation

A

a follicle contains an oocyte, when the follicle is mature, ovulation can occur, ovulation ruptures the follicle releasing an egg

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10
Q

when is estrogen high in reference to ovulation?

A

when a follicle is mature, there is a high amount of estrogen so there are signs of heat

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11
Q

spontaneous ovulation

A

ovulation occurs every reproductive cycle

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12
Q

spontaneous ovulation example

A

human, cows, rodents

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13
Q

induced ovulation

A

ovulation only occurs after mating

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14
Q

induced ovulation examples

A

cats, rabbits, camels
(animals that typically don’t live in groups)

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15
Q

delayed fertilization and species example

A

typically sperm can only stay alive for 1-2 days in a females reproductive tract but in BATS, sperm can stay alive for months during hibernation

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16
Q

delayed development and species example

A

after fertilization, BATS are able to maintain the blastocyst stage to slow down development

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17
Q

blastocyst

A

a cluster of dividing cells made by a fertilized egg

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18
Q

delayed implantation (embryonic dispause)

A

a blastocyst needs to be implanted, this typically occurs right away but some species can delay the process of implantation

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19
Q

delayed implantation (embryonic dispause) example species

A

grizzly bear, elephant seal
(hibernating animals)

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20
Q

what is the reason for delayed implantation?

A

typically needed in hibernating animals, a fetus needs a lot of energy and by delaying implantation you can decrease energy needs (but the blastocyst remains)

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21
Q

2 types of delayed implantation

A
  • obligate
  • facultative
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22
Q

obligate delayed implantation

A

delay occurs every time

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23
Q

obligate delayed implantation species example

A

badger, mink, bear, skunk, etc.

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24
Q

facultative delayed implantation

A

may or may not occur, the animal cannot decide but rather it depends on their hormones (ex: prolactin)

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25
facultative delayed implantation species example
rodents and marsupials
26
spontaneous abortion (bruce effect)
occurs when a pregnant female spontaneously aborts in response to a novel male
27
monozygotic polyembryony
embryo divides/clones into multiple offspring
28
environmental control of gestation length
some animals, like DEER (herd animals), will parturition with in 1-2 days of each other (even if inseminated at different times
29
menopause
loss of fertility through loss of oocyte production
30
menopause species example
orca
31
intrafollicular fertilization
egg is fertilized in the follicle
32
intrafollicular fertilization species example
tenrec, short tailed shrew
33
endocrine communication
1. chemical messenger 2. secreted by endocrine glands 3. transported by BLOOD 4. target tissue (receptor) --> physiologic response
34
paracrine communication
hormone stimulates adjacent cells without entering the blood
35
autocrine communication
hormone stimulates the same cell that secretes the hormone
36
intracrine communication
hormone stimulates the cell without being secreted
37
chemical structures of hormones
- protein - steroid - fatty acid (lipid)
38
which hormones are small in size so they can go through skin?
- steroid - fatty acid
39
3 types of protein hormones
- peptides (short chain AA) - proteins (long chain AA) - glycoproteins (protein + CHO)
40
protein hormone example - peptide - protein - glycoproteins
- peptide = GnRH, oxytocin - protein = prolactin - glycoprotein = FSH
41
why can glycoproteins stay in the blood longer?
they are a more complex molecule, cannot be metabolized easily
42
GnRH
- gonadatropin releasing hormone - master regulator of reproduction
43
FSH
- follicle stimulating hormone - female: grows follicles - male: spermatogenesis
44
LH
- lutenizing hormone - female: ovulation and progesterone - male: testosterone
45
steroid hormones are synthesized from _____________
cholesterol
46
enzymes are able to transfer cholesterol and steroid hormones from one to the other.. give an example
testosterone ----(aromatase)---> estrogen
47
lipid hormones are... | (give a reproduction hormone name)
prostaglandins
48
lipid hormones are derived from.....
arachidonic acid (20 carbon unsaturated fatty acid)
49
functions of prostaglandins
- smooth muscle contraction, lipid metabolism, mediate inflammation, mediate inflammation - PGE2 - PGF2a
50
function of PGE2
vasodilation, maintenance of CL, ovulation
51
function of PGF2a
vasoconstriction, regress CL, ovulation, parturition
52
Effect of Controlling Hormones
1. amount of hormone 2. amount of receptors 3. affinity of binding between the hormone of the receptor 4. rate of metabolism
53
most metabolism of proteins happens in the _________
LIVER
54
glycoproteins are excreted in ___________
urine
55
prostaglandins metabolize by enzymes in the __________
lungs
56
2 steps to steroid metabolism
1. liver (remove double bond and add glucurionic acid to a sulphate) 2. kidney (urination)
57
characteristics of a hormone
- do NOT supply energy - regulate rates of specific processes - act in small quantities - short half life - bind to receptors - immediate to delayed action - help maintain homeostasis - reproductive hormones can be peptides, proteins, steroids, or derivatives of fatty acids
58
________________ is the most important organ in reproduction
hypothalamus
59
explain feedback regulation
hypothalamus releases a hormones and sends it to the anterior pituitary which will then release a trophic hormone that will go to the target gland, the target gland hormone will either stop or decrease the amount of the hormone
60
explain feedback regulation using GnRH in males
hypothalamus releases a GnRH and sends it to the anterior pituitary which will then release a LH that will go to the testicles, the testosterone will either stop or decrease the amount of the hormone
61
central dogma
DNA --> RNA --> protein
62
male determining gene
SRY (sex determining region Y) gene
63
how does SRY gene work?
SRY activates AMH which blocks the development of the female ductal system
64
Eosin is a negatively charged _______ dye staining the __________ pink
acidic, cytoplasm
65
Hematoxylin can be considered a ________ dye staining the ________ purple/blue
basic, nucleus
66
in the anterior pituitary gland, the hormone is brought through the ______________
bloodstream
67
is there a physical connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?
NO
68
hypothalamo hypophyseal portal veins
connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
69
what is the main purpose of the hypothalamo hypophyseal portal veins?
bring GnRH to the anterior pituitary gland, the close association allows for minute quantities of hormones to carry out their action
70
why does GnRH not go though bloodstream circulation?
circulation would cause dilution, which means only a small amount of hormone would be transferred to the target
71
is there a physical connection between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland?
YES, via nerve tissue
72
what is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
FSH and LH
73
hypothalamus neurons and hormones travel via nerve axons to posterior pituitary ___________ ___________
capillary plexus
74
what hormone is made in the hypothalamus but stored and secreted in the posterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin
75
what regulates GnRH production?
kisspeptin neuron
76
2 hormones the hypothalamus produces and their chemical class
- GnRH (decapeptide) - oxytocin (octapeptide)
77
GnRH principle function
stimulates release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
78
oxytocin principle function
produced by hypothalamus released at posterior pituitary
79
what kind of chemical classes can the hypothalamus make?
peptides
80
2 hormones the anterior pituitary produces and their chemical class
- FSH (glycoprotein) - LH (glycoprotein)
81
FSH principle function
female: follicle growth and estrogen production male: spermatogenesis
82
LH principle function
female: ovulation, form CL, progesterone secretion male: testosterone synthesis by leydig cells
83
what hormone can the ovary produce that stimulates mating behavior and sex characteristics? What is the chemical class?
estrogen (steroid)
84
what hormone does the CL produce? chemical class?
progesterone (steroid)
85
progesterone principle function
maintain pregnancy, mammary growth and section
86
__________ cells respond to LH to produce testosterone
leydig
87
what hormones does the uterus produce? chemical class?
PGF2a and PGE (lipids)
88
PGF2a principle function
regression of the CL, ovulation
89
what hormone does the adrenal cortex produce and what chemical class?
cortisol (steroid)
90
cortisol principle function
induction of parturition by the fetus, stress response, milk synthesis
91
what hormones are produced by the placenta? chemical class?
human chronic gonadotropin (hCG) and equine chronic gonadotropin (glycoprotein)
92
hCG principle function
LH like - involves with establishment of pregnancy, supports and maintains CL

Reproduction Physiology (15 decks)

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