Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproduction Physiology > Quiz 3 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of sperm structure

A
  • head
  • neck/connecting piece
  • tail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 parts of the sperm tail

A
  • midpiece
  • principal piece
  • end piece
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the most important part of the sperms structure and why?

A
  • the nucleus
  • the end goal of sperm is to transfer genetic material from the male to the oocyte and genetic information is stored in the nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why are enzymes needed in the acrosome?

A

enzymes help to penetrate the oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is the mitochondria in the sperm and why is it located there?

A
  • the midpiece
  • energy is needed to move so mitochondria are located behind the nucleus to help it move forward
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the purpose of the principal piece of the sperms tail?

A

makes it strong, able to make the contractions so the sperm can move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ODF purpose

A
  • outer dense fiber
  • maintains a rigid structure of the sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

axonemes purpose

A

important for motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

axoneme

A
  • skeletal components (formed by microtubules, dynein) that make motile proteins
  • doublets are made that run through the tail, the back and forth of the doublets creates the back and forth movement of the tail to propel if forward
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

normal sperm motility

A

forward progressive motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 types of morphology abnormalities

A
  • primary abnormality
  • secondary abnormality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

primary abnormalities

A

occurs during the generation of sperm (in the seminiferous tubules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

secondary abnormailites

A

occurs after leaving the seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what type of abnormality: 2 heads

A

primary abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what type of abnormality: coiled tail

A

secondary abnormality (cold shock)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what type of abnormality: head (no tail)

A
  • primary or secondary
  • if the head looks normal probably secondary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

head abnormalities

A
  • crater defect
  • tapered heads
  • ruffled acrosome
  • knobbed acrosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what type of abnormality: crater defect

A

primary abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what type of abnormality: tapered heads

A

primary abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what type of abnormality: ruffled acrosome

A

primary abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what type of abnormality: knobbed acrosome

A

primary abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

tail abnormailites

A
  • coiled tail
  • double midpiece
  • folded tail
  • detached head
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what type of abnormality: coiled tail

A

secondary abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what type of abnormality: double midpiece

A

primary abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what type of abnormality: folded tail

A

primary OR secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what type of abnormality: detached head

A

secondary (if the head looks normal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

spermatogenesis and location

A
  • process to generate sperm
  • location: seminiferous tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sertoli cells

A

give the sperm cells nourishment so they can develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stages of Spermatogenesis

A
  1. spermatocytogenesis (mitosis)
  2. meiosis
  3. spermiogenesis
  4. spermiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

spermatocytogenesis (mitosis)

A

increase number of cells and formation of spermatocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

meiosis

A
  • 2N chromosome to 1N chromosome
  • crossing over occurs
32
Q

spermiogenesis

A
  • formation of sperm
  • change shape from round cell to sperm shape
33
Q

spermiation

A

release of sperm from seminiferous tubules

34
Q

in a male, how is fertility able to keep occurring?

A

the source of spermatogenesis (spermatogonia) can be renewed by mitosis. 2 divisions occur: one is the sperm and the other replaces spermatogonia

35
Q

what is the source of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia

36
Q

how long is a complete sperm cycle?

A

60-63 days, this is a continuous cycle so everyday cycles are ending and beginning again

37
Q

spermiogenesis

A

process of metamorphosis, change the sperm from a round cell to the normal shape of sperm

38
Q

spermiogenesis: the Golgi phase

A
  • the Golgi moves towards the top of the cell making proacrosomic granules which will form the acrosome
  • centrioles move towards the bottom of the cell
39
Q

spermiogenesis: the cap phase

A
  • acrosome is developed at the top
  • proximal and distal centriole at the bottom (distal centromere begins forming the tail / axoneme)
40
Q

spermiogenesis: the acrosomal phase

A
  • acrosomic granule degenerates to leave just the formed acrosome
  • the top of the cell is pushed down so the cytoplasm is moves towards the bottom of the cell (mitochondria pushed down)
41
Q

spermiogenesis: the maturation phase

A
  • normal sperm shape
  • cytoplasmic droplet (formed from the excess cytoplasm) will move down the sperm cell and removed in the epididymis
42
Q

spermiation

A

sperm to be released into the lumen

43
Q

blood-testis barrier: function

A

prevent contact of germ cells from blood

44
Q

how is the blood testis barrier formed?

A
  • basement membrane
  • sertoli cells
  • wall of blood vessels
45
Q

why do the tight junctions of Sertoli cells open and close?

A

so that the spermatogonia can move up the cells towards the lumen, moving higher concentration to lower concentration, the sperm shape begins to form

46
Q

where is GnRH produced and its function?

A

hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce LH and FSH

47
Q

LH function is testis

A

LH will stimulate the leydig cells to produce testosterone

48
Q

function of testosterone in the Sertoli cells

A
  1. converted to dihydrotestosterone by a 5 reductase (keeps a strong amount of testosterone in the Sertoli cells so spermatogenesis can occur)
  2. converted to estrogen by aromatase
49
Q

How can testosterone regulate hormones?

A

testosterone produced from leydig cells can have a negative feedback on the hypothalamus to decrease the amount of GnRH produced

50
Q

FSH function in testis

A

important for the spermatogenesis process

51
Q

what control FSH through negative feedback?

A

inhibin

52
Q

androgen binding protein

A

binds to DHT to keep a high concentration of testosterone in sertoli cells

53
Q

fate of unejaculated sperm

A
  • reabsorption
  • disposal in urine
54
Q

ejaculated sperm

A

semen = sperm + accessory fluid

55
Q

functions of accessory fluid

A
  1. transport of sperm
  2. energy source
  3. buffer
56
Q

why is important that accessory fluid is a buffer?

A

sperm is very sensitive and needs to be around osmotic pressure to survive the female reproductive tract

57
Q

female reproductive tract function

A
  • female gamete maturation
  • sexual behavior
  • fertilization
  • pregnancy
58
Q

what genes make the genital ridge into the biopotential gonad?

A

WT1 and SF1

59
Q

2 main parts of the ovary

A
  • cortex (outside)
  • medulla (inside)
60
Q

cortex function

A

follicle growth, CL forms

61
Q

medulla function

A

blood vessels, lymphatic, etc.

62
Q

ovary main function

A

to produce the oocyte

63
Q

briefly, what are the stages of the oocyte production

A

it begins with primordial follicle, more granulosa cells form and eventually an oocyte is made, then a Graafian follicle is formed and oocyte is ready for ovulation, follicle is fluid filled (antrum) and producing estrogen to show signs of heat, ovulation occurs (rupture in the membrane and oocyte is released) and the CL forms, CL produces progesterone (if there is a pregnancy CL remains to keep the embryo alive, if there is no pregnancy PGF2a will regress the CL so a new follicle will form)

64
Q

ovary produces 2 main hormones

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
65
Q

what is different about the mare ovary anatomy?

A
  • kidney shaped
  • cortex is on the inside, so follicles form on the inside
  • medulla is on the outside
  • ovulation fossa (where ovulation occurs)
66
Q

what is an explanation for the ovulation fossa in the mare?

A

twins can be fatal in horses so the narrow pathway of the ovulation fossa may limit the number of oocytes that can be ovulated at one time

67
Q

theca cells

A
  • internal and external
  • the outermost membrane
68
Q

theca cell: external

A

smooth muscle

69
Q

theca cell: internal

A

secretes testosterone, the layer attached to the basement membrane

70
Q

granulosa cells: mural

A

the outer layer, around the antrum (fluid)

71
Q

granulosa cells: cumulus

A

the layer around the oocyte

72
Q

antrum

A

fluid

73
Q

cumulus oophorus

A

the stalk, cells that connect the oocyte with the wall so that the oocyte cannot hang in free fluid

74
Q

zona pellucida

A

oocyte surrounded by glycoprotein layer for protection

75
Q

corona radiata

A

establish connection with oocyte (first layer of granulosa cells)

Reproduction Physiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions