quiz 5/ lecture 7 and 8 Flashcards
secularisation
industrialized nations are seeing increased onset of puberty
extended adolescent period
prolonged dependence on parents
prolonged education
Early girl maturers
experiene more anxiety and depression
attract older boys who draw them away from academic experience
drawn to activities not cognitively ready to handle
Reflex
an in born automatic response to a particular stimulus
can form basis for motor skills
stepping–> walking
g
states of arousal
- NREM
- REM
- Drowsiness
- Quiet Alertness
- Waking Activity and crying
babies who spend more time quietly alert recieve more social stimulation and opportunities to explore–> ahead in mental development
neonatal behavior assessment scale
evaluates baby’s reflexes, muscle tone, response to physical and social stimuli
dynamic systems theory of motor development
hierarchical
each new skill is a product of
- central nervous system
- body’s movement capacities
- the goals the child has in mind
- environmental supports for skill
behaviors softly assembled–> different paths for same skill
pre reaching
poorly coordinated swipes to an object
ulnar grasp
clumsy folding of fingers
pinser grasp
thumb and index finger
mirror neurons
specialized cells in cerebral cortex
fire identically when seeing and performing an act –> imitating
distance curve
plots development of heigh over time
velocity curve
plots the changes in height
cephalocaudal trend
embryo grows head first then to tail
proximaldistal trend
development happends inward to outward
skeletal age
when bones are fully mature
best measure of physical maturity
epiphyses
special growth centers at extreme ends of the long bones of the body
statistical learning capacity
infants analyze speech streams for patterns
perceptual narrowing affect
perceptual sensitivity becomes more attuned with age
to information most encountered
visual acuity
infants can’t focus eyes well
fineness of discrimmination is limited
visual cliff
used in earliest studies of depth perception
Around crawling age → infants distinguish deep from shallow surfaces and avoid drop-offs
contrast sensitivity
contrast refers to the difference in the amount of light between adjacent regions in a pattern→ if babies can detect the contrast in two or more patterns, they prefer the one with more contrast
size constancy
Perception of an objects size as the same, despite changes in the size of its retinal image
Evident in first week of life
shape constancy
Perception of an object’s shape as stable, despite changes in the shape projected on the retina
intermodal perception
We make sense of these running streams of light, sound, tactics, odor and taste information perceiving them as integrated wholes
amodal sensory properties
Information that is not specific to a single modality but that overlaps two or more sensory systems
differentiation theory
Infants actively search for invariant features of the environment in a constantly changing perceptual world
invariant features
Those that remain stable
affordances
Perception is guided by the discovery of affordances → the action possibilities that a situation offers an organism with certain motor capabilities
pituitary gland
Hormones for human growth released by pituitary gland
Located at the base of the brain near the hypothalamus
hypothalamus
Initiates and regulates pituitary secretions
growth hormone
The only pituitary secretion produced continuously throughout life
Affects development of all tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals
thyroid stimulating hormone
prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine→ necessary for brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size
marasmus
A wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients
Appears in the first year of life when a baby’s mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk
kwashiorker
Unablanced diet very low in protien
Usually strikes after weaning between 1-3 years of age
growth faltering
A term applied to infants whose weight height and head circumference are substantially below age-realted growth norms
Withdrawn and apathetic
psychosocial dwarfism
A growth disorder that appears between 2-15 yrs
Decreased GH secretion, short stature, immature skeletal age, serious adjustment problems
primary sexual characteristics
Ovaries, uterus, vagina,
Penis, scrotum and testes
secondary sexual characteristics
Breast development
Underarm and pubic hair
