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Child Development > Quiz 3 ch.2, ch.4, ch.5 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 ch.2, ch.4, ch.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Mobile Congigate Reinforcement

A

tie ribbon to baby
when kicks the mobile moves

conditions baby to reinforce leg kicking to provoke mobile movement

when placed in same crib without ribbon, will start kicking

infant of 2 months (3 day memory)
infant of 3 months (1 week memory)

this indicates that infants have memory

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2
Q

Visual Paired Comparison

A

Measuring looking preference(infant prefer novelty)
Present 2 stimuli
Show face A→ if infant remembers Face A→ At test will look longer at the (novel) Face B

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3
Q

Eye Tracking

A

Two vectors aimed at the pupil and cornea

allows to track where the infant or adult is looking on the screen

infant most attracted to movement

advantage:
- can have the same DV(looking) across different ages –> can compare the same variable developmentally
- other measuring systems require a lot of engagement from the infants –> introduces a lot of confounds in data

Disadvantage:

  • difficult to achieve –> babies are wiggly
  • can lose data with baby moving
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4
Q

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Cognition emotion and biology

examining behavior at a phenotypic level

With new technology, can now not rely on sick infants to get data ( epilepsy brain is by nature different than a normal kid)

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5
Q

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience tools

A 
mri
DTI
fMRI
fNIRS
ERP
EEG
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6
Q

Structural

A

MRI

DTI

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7
Q

Functional

A

fMRI
fNIRS
ERP

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8
Q

MRI

A

pictures of the brain

structural method

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9
Q

DTI

A

taken in the MRI

shows connections of the brain region –> like a roadmap

Structural method

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10
Q

fMRI

A

taken in MRI
The magnet measures brain activity

Spatial Resolution is GREAT
Temporal Resolution is BAD

expensive
sensitive to motion

blobs on the brain–> show activation–> SUBTRACT METHODOLOGY

functional method

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11
Q

Spatial Resolution

A

What region responds to the stimulus

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12
Q

Temporal Resolution

A

how closely the measured activity corresponds to the timing

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13
Q

ERP

A

measuring electrical activity from the surface of the scalp
electrodes
non-invasive

Temporal Resolution is GREAT
Spatial Resolution is BAD
—-can’t tell what region of the brain the activity comes from

Relatively cheap
sensitive to movement

functional method

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14
Q

fNIRS

A

baby fMRI
functional method
uses a cap

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15
Q

Subtract Methodology

A

Associated with fMRI

A-B= the relative regions that are more active

ex: fear face to neutral face

what regions light up comparitively? Amygdala likes fear

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16
Q

Task B Problem

A

be careful about what the control is (adults and children do not react the same to the control)

need to know whether or not children respond differently to the neutral stimulus –> example of regular and fear face–> regular face is always scary so the subtract methodology shows no difference in a child compared to adult

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17
Q

Secular trends in physical growth

A

changes in body size from one generation to the next have occured in industrialized nations

larger size of todays kids due to faster rate of development

improved health/nutrition

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18
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released when neurons send messages to each other

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20
Q

programmed cell death

A

as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die

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21
Q

synaptic pruning

A

the neurons that are not stimulated die off–> lose synapses

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22
Q

glial cells

A

half of brains volume

responsible for myelination

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23
Q

myelination

A

coating of neural fibers with fatty sheath

improves efficacy of message transfer

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24
Q

cerebral cortex

A

last structure to develop

sensitive to environmental influences

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25
Q

brain development mirrors…

A

behavioral development

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26
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

thought, higher cognition, planning

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27
Q

lateralization

A

each hemisphere recieves sensory input from opposite side

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28
Q

left hemisphere

A

language

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29
Q

right hemisphere

A

spatial abilities

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30
Q

plasticity

A

high capacity for learning

if damage, other regions can take over

most plastic during first years

overabundance of synaptic connections

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31
Q

dominant cerebral hemisphere

A

handedness to carry out skill or motor action

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32
Q

crebellum

A

aids in balance and control of body movement

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33
Q

reticular formation

A

structure in brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness

sends out fibers to other areas

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34
Q

hippocampus

A

memory and images of space

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35
Q

amygdala

A

adjacent to hippocampus

processing of emotional info

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36
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of fibers connecting twp cerebral hemispheres

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37
Q

sensitive periods brain

A

experience-expectant growth

experience-dependent growth

38
Q

experience-expected growth

A

rapid development of organization

depends on ordinary experiences to interact
explore environment

39
Q

experience-dependent growth

A

occurs throughout lives

growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences

40
Q

phenotype

A

directly observable traits

depend on genotype

also affected by environmental influences

41
Q

genotype

A

blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences our characteristics

42
Q

chromosomes

A

rodlike structures that store and transmit genetic information

23 matching pairs

one from mother one from father

made up of DNA

43
Q

DNA

A

long double-stranded molecule

duplicates–> mitosis

44
Q

Gene

A

a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome

45
Q

mitosis

A

duplication of DNA

chromosomes copy each other

46
Q

gametes

A

sex cells -sperm and ovum

formed through meiosis

47
Q

meiosis

A

cell division process

halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells

48
Q

zygote

A

when sperm and ovum unite at fertilization

49
Q

crossing over

A

chromosomes next to each other break at one or more points along their length and exchange segments so that genes from one are replaced by genes from another

50
Q

autosomes

A

the 22 matching pairs of chromosomes which geneticits number from longest to shortest

51
Q

sex chromosomes

A

23rd pair
female xx
male xy

52
Q

Identical/ monozygotic twins

A

same genetic makeup

zygote duplicates and separates into two clusters

53
Q

Fraternal/ dizygotic twins

A

the realease andfertilization of two ova

54
Q

allele

A

pairs or series of genes on chromosomes that determine hereditary characteristics

55
Q

homozygous

A

if the alleles from both parents are alike the child is homozygous and will display inherited trait

56
Q

heterozygous

A

if the alleles from both parents differ, the child is heterozygous and relationships between the alleles determine the phenotype

57
Q

dominant-recessive inheritance

A

in heterozygous pairings

only one allele affects the child’s characteristics–> dominant

the second allele, which has no effect, is –> recessive

58
Q

carriers

A

passing on a trait

59
Q

modifier genes

A

enhance or dilute the effects of other genes

60
Q

incomplete dominance

A

a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype resulting in a combined trait or one that is intermediate between the two

61
Q

x-linked inheritance

A

when harmfule allele is carried on the x chromosome, x-linked inheritance

males more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match

females it can be suppressed by a dominant allele on the other X

62
Q

Genomic Imprinting

A

alleles are impreinted, so that one pair member is activated regardless of its makeup

63
Q

mutation

A

a sudden and permanent change in a segment of DNA

64
Q

polygenetic inheritance

A

many genes determine the characteristic in question

65
Q

genetic counseling

A

help couples asses chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder

66
Q

prenatal diagnostic methods

A

permit detection of developmental problems before birth

67
Q

amnion

A

a membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid

helps maintian temperature constant

cushion against jolts

68
Q

chorion

A

protective membrane around amnion

69
Q

placenta

A

permits food and oxygen to reach organism

waste products to be carried away

70
Q

umbilical cord

A

contains large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products

71
Q

embryo

A

implantation to 8th week

most rapid prenatal changes

groundwork for body structure and internal organs

72
Q

fetus

A

9th week to end of pregnancy

73
Q

verniz

A

white cheeselike substance that protects chapping

74
Q

lanugo

A

white hair to help vernix stick to body

75
Q

age of viability

A

when baby can first survive

22-26 weeks

76
Q

teratogen

A

environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal period

77
Q

p-FAS
ARND
FAS

A

physical and mental abd behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure

78
Q

apgar scale

A

assess baby’s physical condition

score of 7 or better indicates good physical condition

79
Q

Rh factor incompatibility

A

if rh - blood type enters mother will form antibodies which will destroy red blood cells in the fetus–> reduce supply of oxygen

80
Q

behavioral genetics

A

a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities

81
Q

hertability estimates

A

measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors

82
Q

kinship studies

A

compare the characteristics of family members

83
Q

gene-environment interaction

A

because of genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment

b/c we have unique genetic makeup–> we respond differently to environment

84
Q

canalization

A

the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to jut one or a few outcomes

85
Q

gene-environment correlation

A

our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed

passive correlation

evocative
correlation

active correlation

86
Q

passive correlation

A

the child has no control –> parents provide environments influenced by their own heredity

athlete parent–> enroll kid in sports

87
Q

evocative correlation

A

responses children evoke from others are influenced by the child’s heredity and these responses strengthen the child’s original style

active friendly baby–>receive more social stimulation–> baby becomes more active and friendly

88
Q

active correlation

A

in older children

they seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies–> niche picking

89
Q

niche picking

A

tendency to actively choose environments

90
Q

epigenesis

A

development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment

91
Q

Development of Neurons

A 
proliferation
migration
aggregation
differentiation
synapse formation(overproduction)
apoptosis(death)
Myelination

Child Development (17 decks)

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