Quiz 3 ch.2, ch.4, ch.5 Flashcards
Mobile Congigate Reinforcement
tie ribbon to baby
when kicks the mobile moves
conditions baby to reinforce leg kicking to provoke mobile movement
when placed in same crib without ribbon, will start kicking
infant of 2 months (3 day memory)
infant of 3 months (1 week memory)
this indicates that infants have memory
Visual Paired Comparison
Measuring looking preference(infant prefer novelty)
Present 2 stimuli
Show face A→ if infant remembers Face A→ At test will look longer at the (novel) Face B
Eye Tracking
Two vectors aimed at the pupil and cornea
allows to track where the infant or adult is looking on the screen
infant most attracted to movement
advantage:
- can have the same DV(looking) across different ages –> can compare the same variable developmentally
- other measuring systems require a lot of engagement from the infants –> introduces a lot of confounds in data
Disadvantage:
- difficult to achieve –> babies are wiggly
- can lose data with baby moving
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
Cognition emotion and biology
examining behavior at a phenotypic level
With new technology, can now not rely on sick infants to get data ( epilepsy brain is by nature different than a normal kid)
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience tools
mri DTI fMRI fNIRS ERP EEG
Structural
MRI
DTI
Functional
fMRI
fNIRS
ERP
MRI
pictures of the brain
structural method
DTI
taken in the MRI
shows connections of the brain region –> like a roadmap
Structural method
fMRI
taken in MRI
The magnet measures brain activity
Spatial Resolution is GREAT
Temporal Resolution is BAD
expensive
sensitive to motion
blobs on the brain–> show activation–> SUBTRACT METHODOLOGY
functional method
Spatial Resolution
What region responds to the stimulus
Temporal Resolution
how closely the measured activity corresponds to the timing
ERP
measuring electrical activity from the surface of the scalp
electrodes
non-invasive
Temporal Resolution is GREAT
Spatial Resolution is BAD
—-can’t tell what region of the brain the activity comes from
Relatively cheap
sensitive to movement
functional method
fNIRS
baby fMRI
functional method
uses a cap
Subtract Methodology
Associated with fMRI
A-B= the relative regions that are more active
ex: fear face to neutral face
what regions light up comparitively? Amygdala likes fear
Task B Problem
be careful about what the control is (adults and children do not react the same to the control)
need to know whether or not children respond differently to the neutral stimulus –> example of regular and fear face–> regular face is always scary so the subtract methodology shows no difference in a child compared to adult
Secular trends in physical growth
changes in body size from one generation to the next have occured in industrialized nations
larger size of todays kids due to faster rate of development
improved health/nutrition
neurons
nerve cells
neurotransmitters
chemicals released when neurons send messages to each other
programmed cell death
as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die
synaptic pruning
the neurons that are not stimulated die off–> lose synapses
glial cells
half of brains volume
responsible for myelination
myelination
coating of neural fibers with fatty sheath
improves efficacy of message transfer
cerebral cortex
last structure to develop
sensitive to environmental influences
brain development mirrors…
behavioral development
prefrontal cortex
thought, higher cognition, planning
lateralization
each hemisphere recieves sensory input from opposite side
left hemisphere
language
right hemisphere
spatial abilities
plasticity
high capacity for learning
if damage, other regions can take over
most plastic during first years
overabundance of synaptic connections
dominant cerebral hemisphere
handedness to carry out skill or motor action
crebellum
aids in balance and control of body movement
reticular formation
structure in brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness
sends out fibers to other areas
hippocampus
memory and images of space
amygdala
adjacent to hippocampus
processing of emotional info
corpus callosum
bundle of fibers connecting twp cerebral hemispheres
sensitive periods brain
experience-expectant growth
experience-dependent growth
experience-expected growth
rapid development of organization
depends on ordinary experiences to interact
explore environment
experience-dependent growth
occurs throughout lives
growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences
phenotype
directly observable traits
depend on genotype
also affected by environmental influences
genotype
blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences our characteristics
chromosomes
rodlike structures that store and transmit genetic information
23 matching pairs
one from mother one from father
made up of DNA
DNA
long double-stranded molecule
duplicates–> mitosis
Gene
a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome
mitosis
duplication of DNA
chromosomes copy each other
gametes
sex cells -sperm and ovum
formed through meiosis
meiosis
cell division process
halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells
zygote
when sperm and ovum unite at fertilization
crossing over
chromosomes next to each other break at one or more points along their length and exchange segments so that genes from one are replaced by genes from another
autosomes
the 22 matching pairs of chromosomes which geneticits number from longest to shortest
sex chromosomes
23rd pair
female xx
male xy
Identical/ monozygotic twins
same genetic makeup
zygote duplicates and separates into two clusters
Fraternal/ dizygotic twins
the realease andfertilization of two ova
allele
pairs or series of genes on chromosomes that determine hereditary characteristics
homozygous
if the alleles from both parents are alike the child is homozygous and will display inherited trait
heterozygous
if the alleles from both parents differ, the child is heterozygous and relationships between the alleles determine the phenotype
dominant-recessive inheritance
in heterozygous pairings
only one allele affects the child’s characteristics–> dominant
the second allele, which has no effect, is –> recessive
carriers
passing on a trait
modifier genes
enhance or dilute the effects of other genes
incomplete dominance
a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype resulting in a combined trait or one that is intermediate between the two
x-linked inheritance
when harmfule allele is carried on the x chromosome, x-linked inheritance
males more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match
females it can be suppressed by a dominant allele on the other X
Genomic Imprinting
alleles are impreinted, so that one pair member is activated regardless of its makeup
mutation
a sudden and permanent change in a segment of DNA
polygenetic inheritance
many genes determine the characteristic in question
genetic counseling
help couples asses chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder
prenatal diagnostic methods
permit detection of developmental problems before birth
amnion
a membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid
helps maintian temperature constant
cushion against jolts
chorion
protective membrane around amnion
placenta
permits food and oxygen to reach organism
waste products to be carried away
umbilical cord
contains large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products
embryo
implantation to 8th week
most rapid prenatal changes
groundwork for body structure and internal organs
fetus
9th week to end of pregnancy
verniz
white cheeselike substance that protects chapping
lanugo
white hair to help vernix stick to body
age of viability
when baby can first survive
22-26 weeks
teratogen
environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal period
p-FAS
ARND
FAS
physical and mental abd behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
apgar scale
assess baby’s physical condition
score of 7 or better indicates good physical condition
Rh factor incompatibility
if rh - blood type enters mother will form antibodies which will destroy red blood cells in the fetus–> reduce supply of oxygen
behavioral genetics
a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities
hertability estimates
measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors
kinship studies
compare the characteristics of family members
gene-environment interaction
because of genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment
b/c we have unique genetic makeup–> we respond differently to environment
canalization
the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to jut one or a few outcomes
gene-environment correlation
our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed
passive correlation
evocative
correlation
active correlation
passive correlation
the child has no control –> parents provide environments influenced by their own heredity
athlete parent–> enroll kid in sports
evocative correlation
responses children evoke from others are influenced by the child’s heredity and these responses strengthen the child’s original style
active friendly baby–>receive more social stimulation–> baby becomes more active and friendly
active correlation
in older children
they seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies–> niche picking
niche picking
tendency to actively choose environments
epigenesis
development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment
Development of Neurons
proliferation migration aggregation differentiation synapse formation(overproduction) apoptosis(death) Myelination
