Ch.2 Quiz 2(lecture 3)

Question 1

Scientific Method

Answer 1

Test a belief while maintaining objectivity

Question 2

Developmental questions

Answer 2

Normative Development

Individual Difference

Question 3

Normative Development

Answer 3

Changes of groups

At what age do children walk?

Question 4

Individual Difference

Answer 4

Changes at the individual level

variations develop

Why does one kid walk earlier?

Question 5

Age related change studies

Answer 5

Longitudinal

cross sectional design

Sequential

Question 6

Longitudinal dEsign

Answer 6

measure the same kid or group of kids over time

allow investigators to examine relationships between early and later events

expensive, takes a long time, risk of attrition
lose data over time
biased sampling, test wise, cohort effects

Question 7

Cross sectional design

Answer 7

1 year, kids of different ages

infer changes by comparing differences

comparisons are limited to age group averages

Question 8

sequential design

Answer 8

diagonal comparison

combines longitudinal and cross sectional design

can determine if cohort effects are operating

efficient

Question 9

Microgenetic design

Answer 9

presents children with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions» observe how change occurs

practice effects

Question 10

experimental design

Answer 10

causal relationship
between IV and DV

ethical reasons to not assign to certain conditions
random assignment

Question 11

random assignment

Answer 11

there may be systematic differences between people, random assignment accounts for these differences

Question 12

correlational design

Answer 12

is there a relationship between two variables?

Question 13

correlation coefficiant

Answer 13

strength of how two variables are correlated

relationship is positive or negative

r value between -1 to+1

number value indicates strength of relationship

Question 14

3rd variable problem

Answer 14

is there a 3 factor that is causing a correlation between two variables

ex. smoking, depression underlying neuroticism

Question 15

matching

Answer 15

participants measured ahead of time on variable of interest

Question 16

naturalistic observation

Answer 16

observer influence
observer bias

can’t control conditions under which participants are observed

Question 17

structured observation

Answer 17

conditions the same for all participants

equal opportunity for all participants to display behavior of interest

observer influence and bias

Question 18

event sampling

Answer 18

observer records all instances of a particular behavior during a specified period of time

Question 19

time sampling

Answer 19

observer records whether certain behaviors occur during a sample of short intervals

Question 20

adaptation period

Answer 20

technique used to minimize observer influence

habituate the presence

Question 21

habituation

Answer 21

the baby gets used to seeing something

reveals capacity for memory

if dishabituation occurs when a novel item is shown this indicates that can distinguish stimuli

Question 22

types of habituation

Answer 22

looking time
skin(socks on feet)
aplysia

Question 23

development of aplysia

Answer 23

prenatally

vibration frequency distinguished with infant heart rate

fetus learning in development if can distinguish stimuli

Question 24

reason for dishabituation

Answer 24

infants like novelty

pay attention to new things

Question 25

visual paired comparison

Answer 25

measure looking preference

show face A

at test looks longer at face B(prefers novelty)

Question 26

infantile amnesia

Answer 26

memory starts at around 3 years old and onwards

Question 27

mobile conjugate reinforcement

Answer 27

tie ribbon to baby
when kicks the mobile moves

conditions baby to reinforce leg kicking to provoke mobile movement

when placed in same crib without ribbon, will start kicking

infant of 2 months (3 day memory)
infant of 3 months (1 week memory)

this indicates that infants have memory

Question 28

eye tracking

Answer 28

know where eyes land when looking at the screen

the lines create an angle with the pupil and cornea

when the angle grows or shrinks, can know where the eye is aimed