Ch.2 Quiz 2(lecture 3) Flashcards
Scientific Method
Test a belief while maintaining objectivity
Developmental questions
Normative Development
Individual Difference
Normative Development
Changes of groups
At what age do children walk?
Individual Difference
Changes at the individual level
variations develop
Why does one kid walk earlier?
Age related change studies
Longitudinal
cross sectional design
Sequential
Longitudinal dEsign
measure the same kid or group of kids over time
allow investigators to examine relationships between early and later events
expensive, takes a long time, risk of attrition
lose data over time
biased sampling, test wise, cohort effects
Cross sectional design
1 year, kids of different ages
infer changes by comparing differences
comparisons are limited to age group averages
sequential design
diagonal comparison
combines longitudinal and cross sectional design
can determine if cohort effects are operating
efficient
Microgenetic design
presents children with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions» observe how change occurs
practice effects
experimental design
causal relationship
between IV and DV
ethical reasons to not assign to certain conditions
random assignment
random assignment
there may be systematic differences between people, random assignment accounts for these differences
correlational design
is there a relationship between two variables?
correlation coefficiant
strength of how two variables are correlated
relationship is positive or negative
r value between -1 to+1
number value indicates strength of relationship
3rd variable problem
is there a 3 factor that is causing a correlation between two variables
ex. smoking, depression underlying neuroticism
matching
participants measured ahead of time on variable of interest
naturalistic observation
observer influence
observer bias
can’t control conditions under which participants are observed
structured observation
conditions the same for all participants
equal opportunity for all participants to display behavior of interest
observer influence and bias
event sampling
observer records all instances of a particular behavior during a specified period of time
time sampling
observer records whether certain behaviors occur during a sample of short intervals
adaptation period
technique used to minimize observer influence
habituate the presence
habituation
the baby gets used to seeing something
reveals capacity for memory
if dishabituation occurs when a novel item is shown this indicates that can distinguish stimuli
types of habituation
looking time
skin(socks on feet)
aplysia
development of aplysia
prenatally
vibration frequency distinguished with infant heart rate
fetus learning in development if can distinguish stimuli
reason for dishabituation
infants like novelty
pay attention to new things
visual paired comparison
measure looking preference
show face A
at test looks longer at face B(prefers novelty)
infantile amnesia
memory starts at around 3 years old and onwards
mobile conjugate reinforcement
tie ribbon to baby
when kicks the mobile moves
conditions baby to reinforce leg kicking to provoke mobile movement
when placed in same crib without ribbon, will start kicking
infant of 2 months (3 day memory)
infant of 3 months (1 week memory)
this indicates that infants have memory
eye tracking
know where eyes land when looking at the screen
the lines create an angle with the pupil and cornea
when the angle grows or shrinks, can know where the eye is aimed
