quiz 19: lectures 24 and 25

Question 1

Altruism

Answer 1

selfless concern for the welfare of others expressed through social acts

Question 2

internalization

Answer 2

adopting societal standars for right action as one’s own

Question 3

induction

Answer 3

an adult helps the child otice others’ feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others

Question 4

moral identity

Answer 4

endorsement of moral values as central to their self-concept

Question 5

construction

Answer 5

children make moral evaluations and decisions on the basis of concepts they construct about justice and fairness

Question 6

heternomous morality

Answer 6

suggests children view rules as handed down by authorities

having permanent existence

unchangeable

Question 7

realism

Answer 7

tendency to view mental phenomena, as fixed external features of reality

Question 8

morality of cooperation

Answer 8

no longer view rules as fixed but see them as flexible socially agreed on principles that can be revised to suit the will of the majority

Question 9

ideal reciprocity

Answer 9

the idea expressed in the golden rule

Question 10

preconventional level

Answer 10

morality is externally controlled

self-centered

focus on own rewards

avoid own punishment

stages:

• -punishment and obedience orientation
• -instrumental and exchange orientation

Question 11

Conventional

Answer 11

regard conformity and social rules as important

approval of others

often developmental stopping point for adolescence and adults

stages:

• -law and order orientation
• -good girl/ nice boy

Question 12

post - conventional

Answer 12

broader principle of justice even when conflict with written laws

internal moral compass

define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies

Question 13

delay of gratification

Answer 13

waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act

Question 14

moral self-regulation

Answer 14

the ability to monitor one’s own conduct

Question 15

prosocial across development

Answer 15

1yr–> offer toys

toddlers–> try to comfort who is distressed

Question 16

altruistic prosocial behavior across development

Answer 16

infants–> can respond to distress but can’t discriminate between theirs and someone else’s distress

age 2–> children start to more clearly differentiate between another’s emotional distress an their own responses

age 2/3–> frequency/variety prosocial behavior increases

do not regularly act in prosocial ways

Question 17

metacognition

Answer 17

ability to think about thinking

age 3–> thinking takes place inside their heads

younger than 6–> focus on outcomes of thought and not process of thinking

Question 18

theory of mind

Answer 18

ability to infer mental states of others

prerequisite for recognizing other’s emotions

don’t exhibit thoery of mind until about 4 years old

Question 19

false-belief task

Answer 19

do children have ability to understand what someone else thinks

Question 20

1st orer false belief task

Answer 20

thinking about somebody false belief with regard to real events

strengthens over pre-school years

Question 21

2nd order false belief task

Answer 21

thinking about somebody else’s thinking about someone’s thoughts

helps us understand someone’s motives

longer to devleop

large improvement across childhood

Question 22

promotion of theory of mind

Answer 22

language and verbal

reasoning

cognitive function

attachment quality

make-believe play

parent-child convos about mental states

social unite with siblings, friends, and other adults

Question 23

development of empathy

Answer 23

affective explanations from caregiver

force child to see relation between his/her acts and consequences

Question 24

kohlberg

Answer 24

in depth interviews to assess moral reasoning

hypothetical situations

heiz moral dilemma

logic used determines the level

moral reasoning proceeds through the stages in invariant sequence

cognitive skills also contribute to our moral reasoning

Question 25

trends in moral reasoning

Answer 25

preconventional–> highest at youngest ages

conventional –> increase in frequency as age increases

post-conventional–> non-existent early, increases late adolescence early adulthood

similar to information processing overlapping waves theory

Question 26

critiques of kohlberg

Answer 26

reflecting biased to western, intellectualized , conception of morality

sex differences

view that morality is discontinuous