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Oral Biology > QUIZ 4 Bone: Structure and Function > Flashcards

QUIZ 4 Bone: Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

bone is composed as ___ overlaid on a ___ scaffold

A
  • hydroxyapatite
  • collagen I
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2
Q

what are the non-collagenous proteins found in bone?

A
  • bone sialoprotein (BSP)
  • osteopontin (OP)
  • osteocalcin (OC)
  • osteonectin (ON)
  • matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein
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3
Q

bone is ___% inorganic and ___% organic

A
  • 67
  • 33
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4
Q

describe the organic component of bone

A
  • 33% of overall bone composition
  • 28% collagen, 5% noncollagenous proteins
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5
Q

what are the physiological roles of bone?

A
  • structural
  • calcium homeostasis (9-10 mg/dL)
  • reservoir for growth factors in tissue repair
  • contains both hematopoietic and mesenchymal progenitor cell populations in marrow
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6
Q

describe the macrostructure of bone

A
  • outer layer of dense compact (cortical) bone, with an inner cavity
  • inner cavity contains marrow (red or yellow) and cancellous (trabecular) bone
  • bone is highly vascular with a network of blood vessels
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7
Q

describe the macrostructure of compact bone

A
  • 3 organizational units
    • circumferential - outer ring of bone tissue
    • concentric (osteonic) lamellae - intact osteons
    • interstitial lamellae - fill space between concentric lamellae; former concentric lamellae
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8
Q

the ___ is the basic functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon

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9
Q

___ connect haversian canals, linking osteons

A

volkmann’s canals

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10
Q

describe osteons

A
  • form cylinders running parallel to the long axis of a bone
  • formed from concentric lamellae
  • concentric rings of bone, built around a canal housing a capillary (haversian canal)
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11
Q

___ is found at the ends of long bones, in apposition to joints and is associated with the marrow spaces

A

cancellous bone

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12
Q

what is the function of cancellous bone?

A

provides structural support for marrow tissues, and is highly vascular

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13
Q

cancellous bone is the site of ___ production, and also supports ___ and ___ progenitor cell populations

A
  • blood cell
  • mesenchymal and hematopoietic
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14
Q

what is the periosteum?

A
  • connective tissue layer attached to the outer surface of a bone by sharpey’s fibers
  • consists of two layers - outer fibrous layer and inner layer in apposition to the bone surface
    • the inner layer is both highly cellular and highly vascularized
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15
Q

what is the endosteum?

A
  • loose connective tissue covering the inner surface of both cancellous and compact bone
  • separate the marrow from the bone
  • poorly defined histologically
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16
Q

what are the 3 bone cells, and what are their functions?

A
  • osteoblasts - bone forming cells with a mesenchymal origin
  • osteocytes - bone cells; encapsulated osteoblasts (also mesenchymal in origin)
  • osteoclasts - cells that break down bone tissue; hematopoietic origin
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17
Q

the carefully regulated interactions between osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts is responsible for ___, ___, and ___

A

bone formation, repair, and maintenance

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18
Q

___ are mononucleated cells which synthesize osteoid matrix

A

osteoblasts

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19
Q

osteoblasts arise from ___

A

mesenchyme (ectomesenchyme in the head)

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20
Q

osteoblasts differentiate in response to a cascade of ___

A

growth factors

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21
Q

osteoblasts have a role in both ___ and ___

A

bone formation and repair

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22
Q

osteoblasts communicate with each other through ___

A

gap junctions

they do not form complexes

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23
Q

what do osteoblasts produce? what do they secrete?

A
  • produce osteoid matrix, similar to odontoblasts
  • produce AND secrete collagen, non collagenous proteins via vesicles
  • secrete growth factors into osteoid matrix, where they are sequestered (TGF-beta-1, BMP2, IGF I and II, PDGF, FGF)
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24
Q

after bone formation, ___ flatten and form bone lining cells

A

osteoblasts

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25
Q

___ are osteoblasts that embed themselves into bone matrix

A

osteocytes

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26
Q

the terminal differentiation for osteoblasts in what cell?

A

osteocytes

27
Q

osteocytes form ___ in bone tissue

A

interconnected lacunae

28
Q

osteocytes have cellular processes which interact with surrounding bone tissue. describe this.

A
  • mechano-transduction
  • coordination of odontoblast/osteoclast activity
    • mechanical forces → osteocyte stimulates osteoblast and osteoclast activity
29
Q

___ are large multi-nucleated cells that are a fusion of monocytes

A

osteoclasts

30
Q

___ are responsible for the resorption of bone

A

osteoclasts

31
Q

osteoclasts are activated in inflammation by ___ and ___

A

IL-1beta and TNF-alpha

32
Q

why are osteoclasts important in dentistry?

A

inflammation → activation → resorption

33
Q

what is the key marker of osteoclasts?

A

tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)

34
Q

the attachment of osteoclasts to surface is mediated by what?

A

integrin, cytoplasm adjacent to surface rich in talin, actin, and vinculin

35
Q

___ form a ruffled border in apposition to bone

A

osteoclasts

36
Q

osteoclasts form ___, and secrete ___ and ___

A
  • resorption pits (howship’s lacunae)
  • hydrogen ions and matrix degrading enzymes
37
Q

___ is the zone between the howship’s lacunae and intact bone

A

lamina limitans

38
Q

describe bone cell recruitment

A
  • osteoblast/osteoclasts supplied by progenitor cell populations
  • differentiate in response to signaling cascade(s)
  • also triggered by tissue damage, inflammation, repair signals
39
Q

bone formation is controlled by what?

A

the complex interactions between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

40
Q

bone formation is controlled via a balance between ___ and ___ signals

A

synthetic and resorptive

41
Q

in the control of bone formation, osteoblasts regulate osteoclast function via the ___ system

A

RANK-RANKL-OPG

42
Q

___ is very important in ossification

A

vascular supply

43
Q

how are long bones formed?

A

endochondral bone formation

44
Q

how are bones of the skull formed?

A

intramembranous ossification

45
Q

what is an example of sutural bone growth?

A

fusion of skull plates

46
Q

endochondral ossification is bone formed on a ___ cartilage pattern

A

hyaline

47
Q

endochondral ossification involves the condensation of ___ cells into ___

A
  • mesenchymal
  • chondrocytes
48
Q

during endochondral ossification, ___ is secreted, which then mineralizes and is broken down by ___, allowing penetration of vasculature. with vasculature comes mesenchymal cells which differentiate into ___. ___ surrounds remaining mineralized collagen, forming mixed spicules which make up ___. ___ gradually remove mineralized cartilage and develop marrow cavity.

A
  • collagen
  • chondroclasts
  • osteoblasts
  • bone matrix
  • primary spongiosa
  • osteoclasts
49
Q

___ form in the epiphyses of some long bones (growth plates)

A

secondary growth centers

50
Q

in intramembranous formation, ___ condense in fibrous connective tissue, differentiating into osteoblasts and forming an ___. ___ is secreted into the connective tissue matrix and is penetrated by blood vessels. rapid formation of mineralized ___ bone. ___ bone is remodeled into mature ___ bone with a collar of ___ bone around it.

A
  • mesenchymal cells
  • ossification center
  • osteoid
  • woven
  • woven
  • trabecular
  • cortical
51
Q

___ are fibrous connective tissue bands between plates

A

sutures

52
Q

sutures allow for ___

A

internal expansion of organs

53
Q

describe the layers of sutures

A
  • inner cambian layer associated with periosteum
  • outer capsular layers meet to join sutures togehter
  • gives flex to the skull as bone formation proceeds
54
Q

bone is continually destroyed and reformed. describe the differences between adult bone remodeling and child bone turnover

A
  • adults - 5% cortical and 15% trabecular per year
  • children - 30-100% of their total bone per year
55
Q

most bone is formed around the ___, while it is mainly resorbed from the ___, allowing the marrow cavity to grown and also at points on the periosteum and within osteons

A
  • periosteum (outside)
  • endosteum (inside)
56
Q

describe the cascade of factors that control the bone remodeling process

A

both cellular, systemic, and sequestered growth factors in bone matrix

57
Q

describe the remodeling and repair of cortical bone

A

primary osteons replaced by secondary osteons, which are replaced by tertiary osteons, allowing bone growth

58
Q

in bone remodeling and repair, ___ resorb bone, leaving a space which is filled by trailing osteoblasts. the osteoblasts create a ___ and lay new bone onto it

A
  • osteoclasts
  • cement line (non collagenous proteins)
59
Q

what is the difference between cutting cone and filling cone in cortical bone osteon formation?

A
60
Q

bone needs to be ___ and ___ at the same time. gradual replacement allows for this

A

structurally functional and growing

61
Q

describe the bone marrow derived mesenchymal progenitors and the bone marrow derived hematopoietic progenitors

A
62
Q

___ is secreted in response to high calcium. the result is a ___ in serum calcium.

A
  • calcitonin
  • decrease
63
Q

___ is secreted in response to low calcium. the result is a ___ in serum calcium.

A
  • parathyroid hormone
  • increase

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