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Oral Biology > QUIZ 1 Development of the Craniofacial Skeleton > Flashcards

QUIZ 1 Development of the Craniofacial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

describe the general composition of bone

A
  • hydroxyapatite formed on a collagenous matrix
  • non-collagenous proteins
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2
Q

name and describe the two types of bone growth processes

A
  • endochondral ossification
    • bone that is formed on a cartilage template
      • long bones
  • intramembranous ossification
    • bone that is formed from a condensation of mesenchyme
      • most of the mandible, skull plates
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3
Q

what is initiation?

A

start of ossification, whether conversion of cartilage to bone, or condensation and ossification of mesenchyme/neural crest

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4
Q

what is growth?

A

addition of more bony matrix to a pre-existing bone; thickening, elongation, etc.

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5
Q

what is primary displacement?

A
  • movement of a bone due to its own growth
  • can occur in either direction, depending on the ratio of resorption to deposition and other structures
  • bones often move in the opposite direction from which they are depositing matrix, as is often the case in articular surfaces and joints
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6
Q

what is secondary displacement?

A
  • movement of a bone due to the growth of other bones
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7
Q

what is remodeling?

A
  • growth involving simultaneous deposition and resorption on all peri- and endosteal surfaces
  • changes size, shape, proportion, relationship with adjacent structures
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8
Q

what is drift?

A

remodeling that results in movement of a bone towards the deposition surface

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9
Q

what is functional matrix?

A

a tissue that guides a bone’s growth by exerting a force upon the bone

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10
Q

describe directional bone growth

A
  • can occur by the deposition of bone on a surface, with concomitant resorption on another
    • typically asymmetric growth so as to maintain some proportion
    • some surfaces grow more than others, and some undergo resorption more than others
    • deposition and resorption rates at a surface can change over time and even switch
  • can occur at the endosteal or periosteal surfaces
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11
Q

describe an example of bone growth as a result of a combination of primary and secondary displacement

A

distal phalanges grow directionally (primary displacement), but most of the movement is due to growth of long bones of the arm (secondary displacement)

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12
Q

directional bone growth

what is a growth field?

A

where matrix can be laid down or resorbed

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13
Q

directional bone growth

what are growth sites?

A

fields of significance to growth of a bone (ex. mandibular condyle, maxillary tuberosity)

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14
Q

directional bone growth

what are growth centers?

A

special growth sites, control overall growth of bone (epiphyseal plates of long bones)

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15
Q

what is the neurocranium?

A
  • the bones encasing the brain
  • consists of the calvaira and cranial base
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16
Q

describe the calvaria

A
  • “skull cap”
  • intramembranous bone
  • both paraxial mesoderm and neural crest in origin
  • also called the desmocranium
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17
Q

describe the cranial base

A
  • base of the skull
  • derived from special sense organ capsular tissues
  • endochondral bone, primarily neural crest
  • early form called chondrocranium
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18
Q

what is the viscerocranium?

A
  • derived from pharyngeal arches
  • consists of what is considered the face (anterior, lower skull)
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19
Q

how many bones make up the facial skeleton? what are they?

A
  • 14
  • 2 nasal bones
  • 2 lacrimal bones
  • 2 inferior nasal conchae
  • 2 maxillae
  • 2 palatine bones
  • 2 zygomatic bones
  • 1 vomer
  • 1 mandible
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20
Q

describe postnatal growth of the skull

A
  • the skull does not grow equally in all directions or regions
  • this is of interest to the dentist
    • the viscerocranium grows much more postnatally than the desmocramium
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21
Q

what bones make up the calvaria/desmocranium?

A

frontal, parietal, parts of the occipital, temporal, and sphenoid bones

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22
Q

what type of ossification is the desmocranium/calvaria formed?

A

intramembranous ossification

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23
Q

the calvaria/desmocranium

condensed ___ forms a bilayer membrane that encapsulates the developing ___

A
  • mesenchyme
  • brain
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24
Q

describe the bilayer membrane formed by condensed mesenchyme

A
  • inner layer (endomeninx)
    • neural crest, gives rise to the pia mater and arachnoid mater
  • outer layer (ectomeninx)
    • neural crest and paraxial mesoderm, gives rise to dura mater and calvaria/bone
25
Q

what ossifies to form the frontal bones and parietal bones?

A

superficial ectomeninx in the cranial vault

26
Q

which layer remains unossified and forms the dura mater?

A

ectomeninx

27
Q

the various bones of the skull are initially held together by ___

A

sutures

28
Q

what are sutures?

A

mesenchymal gaps between bones of the calvaria

29
Q

what are fontanelles?

A

unossified sutures between 2 or more skull bones

30
Q

___ and ___ allow for growth of the skull to make room for more brain

A

sutures and fontanelles

31
Q

what event marks the end of bone growth?

A

eventuall ossification of sutures

32
Q

what is anencephaly?

A
  • a calvaria/desmocranium defect
  • failure of rostral neural tube to close around week 4
    • results in loss of telencephalon
  • illustrates requirement of brain for calvaria ossification
33
Q

what is craniosynostosis?

A
  • a calvaria/desmocranium defect
  • premature fusion of the cranial vault sutures
  • variable defects include deformities of calvaria and neurologic deficits
34
Q

what bones make up the cranial base/ chondrocranium?

A

frontal, parietal, parts of the occipital, temporal, and sphenoid bones

35
Q

describe formation of the cranial base/ chondrocranium

A
  • ectomeninx in the floor of the brain forms cartilage in response to notochord and other epithelial signals
    • becomes chondrocranium
    • later undergoes endochondral ossification
36
Q

what is the nasal capsule?

A

the embryological tissue that is going to form the nasal cavity

37
Q

growth of nasal septal cartilage plays a role in ___/___ growth of the midface

A

downard/forward

38
Q

does all of the nasal capsule ossify?

A

no

ex. septal cartilage

39
Q

what happens as the chondrocranium grows?

A

it pushes the maxilla and the rest of the facial skeleton down and forward

40
Q

describe development of the maxilla proper

A
  • intramembranous ossification of mesenchyme
  • forms from the maxillary prominence/process
41
Q

describe development of the premaxilla

A
  • intramembranous ossification of mesenchyme
  • forms from frontonasal process
  • forms primary palate
  • fuses early with maxilla proper
42
Q

where are secondary cartilages found within the facial skeleton?

A
  • zygomatic process
  • alveolar plate
  • hard palate between palatine processes
  • mostly fetal growth roles
43
Q

the maxilla forms and grows down and forward via both ___ and ___ from growth of the ___ and ___ cartilages

A
  • primary and secondary displacement
  • zygomatic and nasal septum
44
Q

___ at sutures pushes the maxilla down, forward, and out

A

secondary displacement

45
Q

what is closely associated with the cartilage of the nasal capsule and zygomatic or malar cartilage?

A

ossification center

46
Q

what do the alveolar plates form from?

A

they form from the forming maxilla and the junction of the palatal process

47
Q

the alveolar plates house the ___

A

tooth germs

48
Q

ossification from the developing maxilla spreads to the palatine process to form most of the ___

A

hard palate

49
Q

describe the primary and secondary displacement involved in growth of the facial skeleton

A
50
Q

what type of ossification forms the mandible?

A

intramembranous ossification

51
Q

bone of the mandible forms lateral to what?

A

Meckel’s cartilage (hyaline)

52
Q

ossification of the mandible spreads in what direction, and to form what features?

A

posteriorly to form the body and ramus of the mandible

53
Q

does Meckel’s cartilage become part of the mandible proper?

A

no

it largely disappears anteriorly

54
Q

describe secondary/accessory cartilages of the mandible

A
  • condylar, coronoid, and symphyseal
  • form from meckel’s cartilage at 10-14 weeks of development
  • condylar cartilage expands into a cone running along the ramus and ossifies through endochondral ossificaiton
    • remains at the articular ends on the head of the condyle
55
Q

the mandible is both ___ and ___ in nature, but the cartilage is ___ instead of ___

A
  • membranous and endochondral
  • secondary instead of primary (meckel’s)
56
Q

in the mandible, the ___ cartilage disappears before birth, and the ___ cartilages disappear the first year of birth

A
  • coronoid
  • symphyseal
57
Q

coronoid and symphyseal cartilages of the mandible contribute transiently to what?

A

growth and development of the surrounding tissues

58
Q

what type of cartilage is an important growth center for the ramus? why?

A
  • condylar cartilage
  • it drives intramembranous ossification, and then ossifies itself through endochondral ossification
59
Q

condyle cartilage functions in both ___ and ___

A

articulation at the TMJ and in growth

Oral Biology (19 decks)

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