Quiz#4 Flashcards
What are the clinical signs of swine flu in pigs?
mild signs if no secondary bacterial infection- fever, dyspnea, cough (usually lasts 2-6 days)
What are the clinical signs of swine flu in people?
High fever, lethargy, bronchitis, secondary bacterial infection, pneumonia
How is swine flu transmitted?
Aerosol, direct/indirect contact with infected animals or fomites, Person-to-person spread IS possible
How is rabies transmitted (mainly?)
through saliva- biting, through wounds, through mucous membrane), ingestion, inhalation, transplants
What is unique about the rabies incubation period and when clinical signs appear?
May be transmitted several days before the onset of clinical signs
o Dogs can shed 5-7 days before clinical signs; Cats can shed 3 days before clinical signs
After an animal starts showing clinical signs for rabies, when will they die?
within 10 days
What are the two forms of rabies and which species usually show which forms?
- Prodromal phase: behavior changes, Wild animal losing fear of humans, Irritability/excitability
- Excitative (furious) form (phase): Anxiety, Dilated pupils, Ptyalism, Viciousness
What is unique about the diagnosis of rabies?
NO ANTE-MORTEM DIAGNOSIS in animals
o Histology of brain tissue (Hippocampus, cerebellum, medulla oblongata required
Which species of birds are most affected by Newcastle Disease? Which birds are typically asymptomatic carriers?
- Poultry
* Asymptomatic: sometimes Parrots
How is Newcastle disease transmitted?
direct contact (droppings, respiratory secretions), live virus vaccine, fomites, asymptomatic carriers
What are expected mortality rates in Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in horses? What kind of morbidity/mortality is associated with each of these viruses in humans?
- Horses: EEE – 50-90%; WEE – 5-20%; VEE – ~35%
* Humans: Mortality rates high for EEE; WEE – usually mild except children; VEE – variable- Fetal damage
What is the secondary or intermediate host for these? What is the primary host for EEE, WEE, and VEE?
• EEE/WEE – birds and mosquitoes are primary/secondary hosts (People/horses are incidental/dead-end hosts); VEE – rodents and mosquitoes are primary/secondary hosts (People/horses are incidental hosts)
Which animal is the primary reservoir for West Nile virus? What is the mortality rate in horses?
- Birds (commonly found dead)
* When symptomatic, 30-40% mortality in horses
How is West Nile virus transmitted?
• Mosquito vector (birds and mosquitoes hosts), Animal-to-animal not thought to occur, Organ transplant, Blood transfusion, Breastmilk, transplacental?
What type of disease does Hantavirus cause in the United States? What clinical signs do rodents show?
- hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
* rodents: Asymptomatic, Once infected, excrete virus for life
How is Hantavirus transmitted?
• Dried materials contaminated by rodent feces are inhaled, introduced into broken skin or mucous membranes, or ingested, Rodent bites
Why are ticks so effective at spreading disease?
- Ticks transmit a wide array of pathogens including: bacteria, viruses, and parasites
- Prey on every class of vertebrate including: mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians
- Have long life cycles, consume large volumes of blood, and produce large numbers of eggs
Which bacteria causes Lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
What is considered a “classic sign” of Lyme disease? How long must the tick attach to cause disease?
- Circular rash (“bulls eye”)
* Tick must attach for 24-52 hours to transmit disease
What is Tularemia? What ways can it be transmitted?
• Rabbit fever Ticks and biting insects (mosquitoes, deer flies), Blood & tissues of infected animals, Cutaneous, Inhalation, Ingestion Not contagious from person to person
What are expected clinical signs in dogs with Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis?
•Dogs (Ehrlichia)- mainly E. canis
oAcute: Non-specific (fever, lethargy, anorexia); bleeding disorders; uveitis; nasal discharge; other,
oSubclinical: Recover from acute phase and remain infected – can clear or progress to chronic
oChronic: As for acute
•Dogs (Anaplasma phagocytophilum): polyarthritis, anemia
What are clinical signs of animals infected with Q fever? Humans?
• Animals (cattle, sheep, and goats are reservoirs): Asymptomatic, Abortion
• Humans:
o Inapparent: Usually mild & self-limiting
o Acute, febrile: Flu-like symptoms, Respiratory: may progress to pneumonia, GI: Nausea/vomiting/diarrhea/abdominal pain, CNS: meningoencephalitis: confusion
o Chronic: Endocarditis and/or hepatitis
How is Q fever transmitted?
• Tick bites (animals only?), Unpasteurized milk, Inhalation of aerosolized spores (most common for ppl), Amniotic fluids and the placenta, Wool or hides, Urine, Feces
What are clinical signs expected with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in dogs? People
- Clinical signs (dogs): “Tick fever”, Affects Young more(<3), Fever, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, arthritis, cough, edema, Petechial hemorrhages (thrombocytopenia), CNS signs
- Clinical signs (humans): Non-specific, Nausea/vomiting, headache, muscle pain, Joint pain, Rash (“black measles”)
What is the difference between superficial, systemic, and opportunistic mycotic infections?
- Superficial mycoses – located on the surface of hair, nails, and skin, (Dermatophytoses
- Systemic mycoses – invade body tissues
- Opportunistic mycoses – normally harmless, but can cause disease in immunocompromised host
Which species of ringworm do we often find in small animals? Large?
- Microsporum spp. (dogs and cats)
* Trichophyton spp. (horses and cattle)
What are ways we diagnose ringworm? Why is the Wood’s lamp not always accurate?
• Wood’s lamp – 50% M. canis fluoresce
• Fungal culture
o DTM tube/plate (toothbrush method or plucking hairs from periphery of lesion)
