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MedBiochem > quiz 3.2 NO and Nucleic acids > Flashcards

quiz 3.2 NO and Nucleic acids Flashcards

1
Q

reason why NO can reach the targets before degradation

A

high diffu rate

low solubility in water

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2
Q

NO was formerly called

A

endotelium-derived relaxing factor

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3
Q

NO is produced via action of

A

nitric oxide synthase

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4
Q

NO raeecting witth moclecular oxygens forms

A

N2O3

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5
Q

NO reacting with superoxide forms

A

peroxynitrite

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6
Q

the physiologic functions of NO are mediated through activation of soluble ______ to produce ______

A

guanylate cyclase

cGMP

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7
Q

how does NO activate guanylate cyclase

A

NO binds the sixth ligand and breaks the heme-histidine bond

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8
Q

what inactivates cGMP and stops the signal

A

phosphodiesterase 5

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9
Q

the heme moiety of NO resembles

A

cytochrome p450

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10
Q

2 functional domains of NO

A

oxygenase

reducatse

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11
Q

the substrate binding site in the oxygenase domain is the site for

A

arginine

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12
Q

parts of the oxygenase domain

A

heme moiety
substrate-binding site
tetrahydrobiopterin
tetra-coordinated zinc atom

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13
Q

which part of the oxygenase domain is the binding site for electron transfer

A

tetrahydrobiopterin

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14
Q

part of the oxygenase domain taht is for strucutural itnegrity

A

tetra-coordinated zinc atom

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15
Q

the domain of NO that structurally resembles p450 reducatse

A

reductase domain

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16
Q

connects the two domains and serves as the site for calmodulin attachment required for electron transfer from the reductase to te oxygenase domain

A

calmodulin-binding site

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17
Q

the elctron donor in the enzymatic reaction of NOS

A

NADPH

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18
Q

NADPH donated 2 electrons to ____ and reduces _____

A

FAD

FMN

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19
Q

____ reduces heme iron to ferrous form to which oxygen can bind to

A

FMN

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20
Q

source of nitrogen in NO

A

guanido group of arginine

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21
Q

source of oxygen in NO

A

molecular oxygen

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22
Q

synthesis of NO requires

A

2 O2

1.5 NADPH

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23
Q

in the synth of NO, arignine is

A

oxidized to N-hydroxy-L-arginine

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24
Q

in the 2nd step of NO, N-hydroxy-L-arginine is

A

oxidized to NO and citrulline

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25
Q

NO synth is inhibited by

A

CO

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26
Q

calmodulin-binding requires

A

influx of calcium to increase calcium conc.

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27
Q

______ binds to and activates NOS

A

calcium-calmodulin complex

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28
Q

when released ang potentially destructive reactiev oxygen species kapag NO synth

A

when no substrate but NOS is active

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29
Q

three major isoforms of NOS

A

neuronal
inducible
endothelial

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30
Q

the inducible isoform of NOS

A

iNOS/NOS 2

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31
Q

the membrane bound NOS isoform

A

eNOS/NOS 3

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32
Q

the indepedent NOS isoform

A

iNOS/NOS2

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33
Q

action of NOS 2

A

cytotoxicity

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34
Q

action of NOS 3

A

vasodilation

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35
Q

action of NOS 1

A

neurotransmission

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36
Q

NOS1 in skel msuces serves as

A

mediator of contractile force

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37
Q

nNOS is not normally induced at the transcirptional level therefore it is

A

constitively expressed

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38
Q

NO synth sis timulated by calcium influx through receptor-dependent channels following postsynaptic of ___________ receptors by _____-

A

N-methyl-D-aspartate

glutamate

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39
Q

is NO removed via deactivation

A

no

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40
Q

how is NO terminated

A

interaction with their target

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41
Q

NO is produced by NOS1 in myenteric neurons of the _______

A

gastrointestinal
pulmonary
vascular
urogenital systems

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42
Q

NO in the PNS causes

A

smooth muscle relaxation

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43
Q

what happens when no nNOS in GI tract

A

pyloric stenosis

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44
Q

in the GI system, nNOS is involved in

A

gut motility and sphincter control

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45
Q

in the pulmo system, NO mediates

A

bronchodil

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46
Q

in the vacular system, NO is invovled in the neural control of the vascular system especially in the ________

A

control of cerebral blood flow

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47
Q

in the urogenital system, NO is involved in

A

urethra and bladder control and penile erection

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48
Q

NOS1 is associated with ___ in the skel system

A

alpha-syntrophin

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49
Q

NO2: is calmodulin bound at basal physiologic conditions?

A

yes

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50
Q

overstimulation of NOS2 may lead to

A

spetic shock

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51
Q

how is NOS3 antithrombotic and anit-inflamm

A

inhibits platelets and leukocytes

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52
Q

this NO isoform has unique terminals where myristoylation and palmitoylation occur

A

NOS3

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53
Q

inhibits NOS3

A

caveolin

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54
Q

if ________, NOS3 is not found in the caveolae so no NO synth

A

palmitoylation

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55
Q

involved in uotake of L-arginine to ensure a supply of substrate for NO synthesis

A

cationic amino acid transporter 1`

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56
Q

action of EDRF can be prevented by

A

superoxide
hgb + NO
analogues of arg

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57
Q

endothelial cells cannot produce EDRF without ____

A

arginine

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58
Q

explain the anti-atherosclerotic properties of NO

A

prevents adhesion to endothel
inhibit prolif and migration
dec. permeability of endothel

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59
Q

used for angina tx

A

nitroglycerin

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60
Q

potent inhib of PDE5

A

sildenafi;

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61
Q

side effect of sildenafil

A

cyanopsis

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62
Q

central dogma of molec biology

A

dna determines rna determines proteins

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63
Q

named that the transforming substance is DNA

A

Avery, McCarty, McLeod

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64
Q

father of modern genetics

A

francis galton

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65
Q

stated the transforming principle in pneumococcus/streptococcus (genetic role of DNA)

A

Frederick Griffith

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66
Q

identified parts of the DNA RNA

A

Lavene

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67
Q

identified the base pairings

A

Chargaff

68
Q

identified the double helix

A

Watso, Crick, Wilkins

69
Q

helped Watson, Crick and Wilkins in the study of the double helix with her xray diffraction

A

Franklin

70
Q

showed that the DNA was the genetic material of the phage T2 by labeling DNA or proteins

A

Hershey and Chase

71
Q

Hershey and Chase’s experiment showed that

A

the protein does not infect, the DNA does

72
Q

a nucleic acid has ____ ___ vdsnjghslfnva sbub

A

4 kinds of bases linked to a sugar-phosphate backbone

73
Q

__ is the tranformation of DNA info into functional molecules

A

gene expression

74
Q

most _______ genes are mosaics of introns and extrons

A

eukaryotic

75
Q

a conjugated protein where the the prosthetic group is a class of organic compound known as nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

76
Q

proesthetic group of nucleotides

A

nucleic acid

77
Q

nonprotein group combined with a protein

A

prosthetic group

78
Q

an example of nucleotides for carrying chemical energy

A

ATP

79
Q

nucleotides are also components of enzyme cofactors such as

A

FAD
NAD
NADP
co A

80
Q

an example of nucleotides serving as molecular mesengers

A

cAMP

81
Q

an example of nucleotides serving as intermediate

A

SAM

82
Q

the polymer strands of DNA are arranged in what manner

A

antiparallel

83
Q

the Wtason-Crick model of DNA is in what form

A

B

84
Q

the strandsa re held together and stabilized by

A

hydrogen bonds

base-stacking interaction

85
Q

which bonds have higher melting point

A

G-C pair

86
Q

why higher melting temp ang G-C pair

A

coz more hydrogen bonds

87
Q

nucleotides with phosphate removed

A

nucleoside

88
Q

components of ribosomes playing a role in protein synth

A

rRNA

89
Q

carry gngetic info from gene to the ribosome

A

mRNA

90
Q

translate info in mRNA into an amino acid

A

tRNA

91
Q

three components of nucleotides

A

nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine)
pentose (D-ribose or 2-deoxyribose)
phosphate group

92
Q

Pyrimidines in DNA and RNA

A

Uracil
Cytosine
thymine

93
Q

Each phrimidine is linked to the sugar through the ___ position

A

n1

94
Q

Common purine

A

Adenine guanine

95
Q

Purines are attached to sugar at ___ position

A

N9

96
Q

Nucleoside is a nitrogenous base covanlently bound in an ________

A

N-beta-glycosidic linkage to the 1’-carbon of a pentose sugar

97
Q

A nu leotide is a nucleoside with at least one phosphate group attached to

A

5’ carbon of the sugar

98
Q

Nucleotides are linked through their ____ in _____ linkages between the _____ and _____ of the next one

A

phosphate groups
Phosphodiester
5’ hydroxyl of one pentose to the 3’ hyxdroxyl of the next

99
Q

Strands of nucleic acid containinh <50 nucleotides are called

A

Oligonucleotides

100
Q

Stands with >50 nucleotides are called

A

Polynucleotides

101
Q

Nucleobase glycosylated with either pentose sugar is called

A

Nucleoside

102
Q

Ribonuclosides seen in RNA

A

A
G
C
U

103
Q

Doexyribonucleosides found in DNA

A

dA
dG
dC
dT

104
Q

Aling nitrogenous base ung 6 sided

A

Pyrimidine

105
Q

Aling nitrogenous bases ung 9 sided

A

Purine

106
Q

Adenine is aka

A

6-aminopurine

107
Q

cytosine is aka

A

2-oxy-4 aminopyrimidine

108
Q

Uracil is aka

A

2,4-dioxypyrimidine

109
Q

Eukaryotic cells contain DNA combined with what protein

A

Histone

110
Q

Beadlike structures with MW of 10k-20k

A

Histones

111
Q

Classes of histones

A 
Histone 1
H2A
2B
3
4
112
Q

How are histones classified

A

Accdg to arg and lys content

113
Q

Which histone bidns to the outside of the DNA

A

H1

114
Q

each histone cluster is conposed of

A

2 moclecules each of 2B 2A 3 4

115
Q

Ilang turns kpag nagwrap around ung DNA sa histone cluster

A

2

116
Q

2 classes of nu leic acid

A

DNA RNA

117
Q

histone with highest lys content

A

H1

118
Q

Histone with highest arg conc

A

H4

119
Q

Bases can exist in what orientations about the N-glycosidic bond

A

Syn

Anti

120
Q

two isomer forms of purines and pyrimidines

A

lactam-lactim

keto enol

121
Q

for those with amino groups, tautomers formed may be ______

A

amine-imine

122
Q

phosphorylation of nucleotides will inc or dec solubility?

A

increase

123
Q

nucleoside or base: which is more soluble?

A

nucleoside

124
Q

which is resistant to acid treatment

A

pyrimidines

125
Q

charge of nucleosides at biological pH

A

neutral

126
Q

which are stable over a wide range of pHs

A

nucleotide and side

127
Q

under strongly basic conditions, what happens to the nucleic acid

A

hydrolysis of phosphate esters

128
Q

in which condtion is the N-glycosidic bonds more labile

A

acidic

129
Q

when ang protonation of purine, kpag

A

high temp

130
Q

maximum absoprtion of light by nuecleic acids occurs at

A

260nm

131
Q

the absorbance property of nucleic acids is due to its

A

nitrogenous bases

132
Q

purine or pyrimidine: which has higher abrsobranc

A

purine

133
Q

what ha[[ens to absorbance when nucleic acid is hydrolyzed with free bases (?)

A

hyperchromicity

134
Q

synthesis of strands go in what direction

A

5’ - 3-‘

135
Q

how do you write/read the the nucleotide sequence

A

5’ - 3’

136
Q

the bases in the interior of the helix are aligned at nearly

A

90deg relative to the axis

137
Q

A-T or G-C: which has more hydrogen bonds

A

G-C 3 H bonds
A-T 2 H bonds

A-T easier to destroy

138
Q

helices rich in ____ can exist as left-handed conformation in Z-DNA

A

G-C dinucleotides

139
Q

Watson and Crick’s DNA model is in what conformation

A

B

140
Q

this is a prat of a strand caused by asymmetry

A

grooves

141
Q

the longer groove

A

major

142
Q

the major groove in the B-form is

A

wide and deep

143
Q

deanturation of the DNA causes what effects

A

hyperchromic effect and inc. UV absorption

144
Q

when the 2 strands are separated, the indiv strands assume what conformation

A

random coil

145
Q

factors determining stability and Tm of DNA

A

nature of solvent
pH
conc of ions

146
Q

point where 50% of the DNA exists as single strands

A

Tm

147
Q

process where the melted DNA is cooled and reforms its base pairs again

A

annealing or hybridization

148
Q

common affinity matrixx for HPLC of DNA

A

hydroxyapatite

149
Q

material of chpoice for electrophoresis

A

agarose

150
Q

in eelctrophoresis, the DNA will migrate to which electrode

A

anode

151
Q

features of tRNA

A 
cloverleaf like
5' terminal PO4
3' terminal OH
dihydrouridine in D arm
anticodon arm
pseudouridine
variable arm
152
Q

the T arm or TyC arm in the tRNA contains

A

pseudouridine

153
Q

the 3’ terminal OH group of the tRNA is found in where

A

amino acid arm

154
Q

the bases found in the 3’ end

A

CCA

155
Q

amino acids are attracted to and activated when attached ro

A

3’ end

156
Q

posttranscriptional events

A

capping
polyadeny.lic tail
splicing

157
Q

seen in the 5’ end of mRNAs

A

7-methyl guanylic acid

158
Q

gthe 7-methyl guanylic acid in the 5’ end of mRNA is attached via

A

5’-5’ triphosphate linkage

159
Q

common rRNA in eukaryotes

A

80s

160
Q

common rRNA in prokaryote

A

70s

161
Q

rRNA is ___ and _____

A

35% protein

65% RNA

162
Q

snRNA form small complexes called

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

163
Q

process where the noncoding parts are taken out of the DNA

A

splicing

164
Q

the template strand

A

3’5’

165
Q

the nontemplate/coding strand

A

5’3’

166
Q

postranscriptional capping is for

A

better recognition of whatever blabla

167
Q

the poattranscriptional polyadenylate tail is for

A

stability

MedBiochem (16 decks)

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