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MedBiochem > quiz 3.2 immuno > Flashcards

quiz 3.2 immuno Flashcards

1
Q

contact bet B cells and antigen causes B cells to develop

A

AFC antigen-forming cells aka plasma cells

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2
Q

secretes anibodies in sginificant quantities

A

plasma cells

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3
Q

antibodies make up ___ of all plasma proteins

A

20%

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4
Q

what fraction of serum under ung immunoglobulins

A

gamma globulins

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5
Q

basic immuno molecules is composed of

A

2 light chains and 2 heavy chains

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6
Q

the chains in a immunoglob are held togethere by

A

disulfide bonds

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7
Q

2 types of L chain

A

kappa

lambda

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8
Q

the protion that binds the antigen is

A

variable regions of both chains

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9
Q

immunoglob are folded into compcat repeating segemnts called

A

domains

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10
Q

the L chain is made up of

A

1 variable and 1 constant domain

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11
Q

the H chain is made up of

A

1 variable and 3 or more constant domain

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12
Q

VL segment has how many hypervars

A

3

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13
Q

Vh has how many hypervars

A

3-4

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14
Q

the hypervariable regions pero variable segments are called

A

complementary-determining regions (CDRs)

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15
Q

hinge region is found where

A

between CH1 and 2

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16
Q

hinge region confers __ to the molecule and allows the arms of the Y-molecule to move independently

A

flexibility

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17
Q

the carboydrate moietu of immunoglobs are attached to

A

heavy chains

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18
Q

glycosylation is usually associated with

A

Fc domain

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19
Q

in IgG molecules, there is an N-linked glycosylation site located at _____ on each of the two CH2 domain

A

Asn 297

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20
Q

the glycans interact with _____ on the Fc domain that stabilizes the immunoglob

A

hydrophobic pocket

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21
Q

fragment that binds to the antigen

A

Fab

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22
Q

the complement fixing fragment

A

Fc

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23
Q

this fragment binds the macrophasges and other cells

A

Fc

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24
Q

there are 2 binding sites in the immuno therefore it is called

A

divalent

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25
Q

pepsin digestion produces

A

Fab and Fc

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26
Q

papain digestion produces

A

2 Fab and 1 Fc

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27
Q

consists of a pair of beta sheets each built of antiparallel beta strands connected by a disulfide bond with a hydrophobic core

A

immunoglobulin fold

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28
Q

___________ present at one end of the structure form a potential binding surface

A

first three loops (immuno fold)

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29
Q

the hypervar region forms the source of

A

antigen specificity

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30
Q

the surrounding polypeptide regions between the hypervariable sements are called

A

framework regions

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31
Q

what comrpises the antigen bidnign site

A

VL and VH of each arm

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32
Q

type of bond between antigena dn antibody

A

noncovalent (van der Waals, hydrogen, hydrophobic, ionic salt)

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33
Q

small conformational changes takes place in the VL-VH domain indicating _____

A

induced fit

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34
Q

which determines the immuno’s isoform

A

type pf H chain

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35
Q

smallest but most pervalent immuno 70-75%

A

IgG

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36
Q

which isotyoe has longest halflife

A

G

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37
Q

only immuno that provides immune protection to the neonate

A

G

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38
Q

which IgG subtype activates complement efficiently

A

1 3

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39
Q

which IgG subtype react predominantly with carbs antigns especially of encapsulated bacter

A

2 4

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40
Q

IgG functions

A

classical complement pathway
opsonin
ADCC

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41
Q

IgG targets virally infected cells for destruction bu

A

antibody-dependent cell-medaited cytotoxicity

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42
Q

% of IgM in the pool

A

10%

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43
Q

oldest class of immuno and first to develop

A

IgM

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44
Q

the units in IgM ios held together by

A

J chains and disulfide bonds

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45
Q

can IgM penetrate tissue fast

A

no no no way

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46
Q

why is IgM most efficient at agglutinating bacteria

A

10 antigen-binding sites, 5 complement binding sites

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47
Q

the major antibody in an early imune response

A

IgM

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48
Q

the natural isohemaglutinins are of what isotype

A

IgM

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49
Q

main immuno in secretions

A

IgA

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50
Q

IgA, bcoz dominant in secretions, is also called

A

mucosal antiseptic paint

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51
Q

IgA mkes up __ of the pool

A

15-20%

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52
Q

IgA in secretions exist in what form

A

dimer

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53
Q

where does activation of B cells to produce IgA occur

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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54
Q

action of IgA in the mucosa

A

prevents attachment of bacte (neutralize), does not fix complement

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55
Q

IgD accounts for ____ of the pool

A

1%

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56
Q

forms a major component of the sufrace membrane of B cells

A

IgD

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57
Q

synthesize by antigen-sensitive B lymph but not secreted

A

IgD

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58
Q

in the membrane of B cells, IgD serves as

A

cell surface receptor

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59
Q

found in the surface mebrane of basophils and mast cells

A

IgE

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60
Q

for allergic reactions and parasitic shit immuno

A

IgE

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61
Q

IgE provides an antigen-sensitive means of eliminating intestinal parasites by

A

increasing vascular permeability and inducing chemotactic factors by mast cell degranulation

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62
Q

determines antibody diversity

A

multiple genes
variable recombination
somatic mutations
junctional diversity

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63
Q

dse of low IgE

A

ataxia-telangectasia

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64
Q

dse of inc. IgD

A

multiple myeloma

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65
Q

multiple myeloma shows inc.

A

D A G E

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66
Q

where are complements synthesized

A

liver

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67
Q

components of the classical pathway

A

C1 2 3 4

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68
Q

components of the alternative pathway

A

c3 factor B D properdin

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69
Q

component of the membrance attack complex

A

C5-9

70
Q

active component fo the clssical pathway that binds the antigen and activates C1r

A

C1q

71
Q

active component fo the clssical pathway that cleaves C2 and C4

A

C1s

72
Q

active component fo the clssical pathway that cleaves C1s to activate protease function

A

C1r

73
Q

active component fo the clssical pathway that cleaves C3 and C5

A

C2b

74
Q

active component fo the clssical pathway that mediates inflamm and is an anaphylatoxin

A

C3a

75
Q

active component fo the clssical pathway that binds cell surface for opsonization and activation of alternative pathway

A

C3b

76
Q

active component fo the alternative pathway that is cleaved by factor D

A

factor B

77
Q

active component fo the alternative pathway that binds and stabilized membrane bound C3bBb

A

properdin

78
Q

initiates assembly of MAC

A

C5b

79
Q

ploymerizes around C5b678 to forma channel that causes cell lysis

A

C9n

80
Q

forms accepor for C7

A

C6

81
Q

forms acceptor for C8

A

C7

82
Q

functions of complements

A 
opsonization
cell lysis
chemotaxis
inc. vascular perm
cause smooth muscle contr. promoting msat cell degranulation
83
Q

process making the abcteria more susceptible to phagocytosis by making recognition easier

A

opsonization

84
Q

process directly destroying bacteria and foreign cells

A

cell lysis

85
Q

producing substances that attract neutro an d macro for subsequent opsonization and phagocytosis

A

chemotaxis

86
Q

the proenzyme activation splits the complement into

A

small ‘a’ and big ‘b’

87
Q

the ‘b’ part has 2 biologically active sites

A

binding cell membrane

cleavage of next component

88
Q

possess biological properties in the fluids phase that contribute to the inflammatory response

A

small ‘a’

89
Q

complement enzyme that converts an inactive complement into an active one

A

convertase

90
Q

antibody binding triggers the early complement components ________ while microbial ploysacchs activate ______

A

C1 2 4

factor B and D

91
Q

3 major steps in complement system

A

activation of C3 convertase to cut C3
activation of C5 convertase to cut C5
formation of MAC

92
Q

\3rd route of C3 activation aside from classical and alternative

A

mannan-binding lectin pathway

93
Q

C3 contains ______ between _________

A

internal thioester bond between glutamine-COOh and cysteine-SH

94
Q

hydrolysis of C3 by water produces

A

C3i

95
Q

a loosely bpund complex that assembles on cell surface-bound Ag-Ab complex

A

recognition unit

96
Q

reaction of IgM or G causes a conformational change in the Fc region of the antibody to reveal binding site for

A

C1q

97
Q

recogniton unit is composed of

A

C1qrs

C1q actual

98
Q

amplifies recognition unit through the proteolytic cascade and concentrates the site of complement activation

A

activation unit

99
Q

the activation unit is composed of

A

C2 3 4

100
Q

appeareance of C1q

A

tulip flower

101
Q

y-shaped w/ globular heads, triple helix

A

C1q subunit

102
Q

the intact C1q is made up of ___ subunits

A

3

103
Q

intact C1q is rich in ____ and ____

A

hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine

104
Q

the catalytic sites of C1r are close to

A

center of the ring

105
Q

activation/binding of Ig to C1q results in

A

conform change
autocatalysis on one C1r
cleavage of other C1r
cleavage or C1s

106
Q

the cohesion of the complex of recog unit is dependent on

A

Ca

107
Q

IgM when bound to antigens on bacterial surface assume what form

A

staple

108
Q

C1q must bind to ______ IgG molecule/s

A

at least 2

109
Q

binding of C1q to Ig activates C1r which cleaves and activates the serine protease, ____

A

C1s

110
Q

in the presence of ___, the compelement C2 binds to C4b present on the bacterial cell surf forming the ____

A

Mg

C4b2a complex ala C3 convertase

111
Q

C2 is cleaved to C2a and b by ________ when it is bound to the C4b

A

C1 complex

112
Q

which fragment of C2 plays a role in increased capillary permeability

A

C2b

C2a remains bound to C4b

113
Q

C3 convertase is

A

C4b2a

114
Q

the step whee the C3 convertase cleaves C3 into C3a and b also generates _________

A

C4b2a3b (C5 convertase)

115
Q

the C5 convertase or C4b2a3b initiates __

A

final lytic pathway, ‘attack’ sequence

116
Q

why is alternative pathway inefficient in tissues

A

need of high conc. of components

117
Q

the alternative pathway does not need the action of antibodies to inititate but it is initiated by

A

foregin cell surface

118
Q

the alternative pathways involves

A

C3 to C9

factors B D and P

119
Q

low levl hydrlysis of the itnernal thioester bond of C3

A

C3 tick over

120
Q

this is the alternative pathwya’s C3 converatse

A

C3bBb

121
Q

spontaneous cleavage of C3 in the alternae pathway reulst to

A

binding of factor B (to C3b)

122
Q

what extends the halflife of C3 convertase in the alternatie pathway

A

properdin

123
Q

the C5 convertase of the alternate pathway is

A

C3bBb3b

124
Q

most important activators of alternate pathway

A

bacterial cell wall and endotoxins

125
Q

difference of mannan-binding lectin from classical pathway

A

C1q does not participate

126
Q

what particiates in mannan-binding lectin pathway instead of C1q

A

MBL, an opsonin

127
Q

in the MBL pathway, what activaetst the complements

A

MASP (MBL-associated serine protease)

128
Q

MAC is

A

C5b6789

129
Q

initial step in formation of MAC

A

cleavage of C5 by C5 convertase (C3bBb3b or C4b2a3b

130
Q

properties of the the C5 convertase

A

chemotactic
anaphylatoxin
C5b depsoited in the cell wall forms lipophilic complex with C6 7 to initiate MAC formation

131
Q

when the lytic pathway complex binds to the cell embrane., _________ is formed

A

transmembrane channel

132
Q

pruprose of transmembrane channel in the final lytic pathway

A

influx of water, electrolytes > swelling > rupture

133
Q

regulatory protein or mechs of the complement cascades

A

C1 inhibitor
protein H
factor I

134
Q

inhibits production of C3b by combining with and ianctivate C1r and C1s

A

C1 inhibitor

135
Q

by combining with and ianctivate C1r and C1s, the C1 inhibitor specifically prevents

A

formation of C3 convertase C4b2a

136
Q

C1-INH or C1: which is mas madami

A

C1-INH

137
Q

inhibits production of C3b by inhibiting the binding of factor B to membrane-bound C3b, thereby preventing cleavage of B to Bb and formation of C3 convertase C3bBb

A

protein H

138
Q

the inhibitor in the classical pathway

A

C1 inhibtior

139
Q

the inhibitor in the alternate pathway

A

protein H

140
Q

factor I only works on

A

cell mmbrane bound C3b

141
Q

inhibits production of C3b by cleaving C3b into C3c and C3d

A

factor I

142
Q

what are the proteins that regulate the terminal pathway of complement

A

CD59
HRF
S-protein

143
Q

S protein is aka

A

vitronectin

144
Q

the presence of CD59 HRF and S protein ________

A

prevent formation of MAC

145
Q

inhibits the insertion of C567 of mAC

A

S-protein

146
Q

action of S-protein

A

inhibits insertion of C567

147
Q

group of molecules displayed onc ell surface that are rsponsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation

A

MHC

148
Q

MHC is responsible for ____ and ____

A

lymphocyte recog and antigen presentattion

149
Q

MHC proteins were discovered due to their role in

A

transplantation rejection

150
Q

where is the gene for MHCs encoded

A

chrom 6

151
Q

class 1 MHC is encoded by

A

BCA region

152
Q

class 2 MHC is encoded by

A

D segment

153
Q

class 3 MHC is encoded by

A

region bet. BCA and D region

154
Q

the heavy chain peptide of the MHC1 is controlled by BCA while the smaller chain is controlled by

A

gene in chrom 15

155
Q

which chain in the MHC1 is variable

A

alpha chain - variable

B2-microglob - constant

156
Q

MHC1: a _________ section anchors the molecule in the membrane and a short _____ sequence carries the C-terminus into tnhe cytoplasm

A

hydrophobic

hydrophilic

157
Q

the largest part of the heavy chain is organized into three globular domains (_______________) which protrude from the cell surface

A

alpha1-3

158
Q

genes that control the HLA-A B and C are found in

A

chrom 6

159
Q

which domain of the MHC1 is noncovalently bound to the B2-microglob

A

alpha 3

160
Q

what binds to the alpha 1 and 2 of the MHC1

A

small antigenic peptides

161
Q

most nucleated cells express what class of antigen

A

MHC-1

162
Q

MHC-2 is encoded by

A

D region

163
Q

how many domains seen in the chains of MHC-2

A

2 each

164
Q

the groove where the short amino acids, presented to T cells, bind to is called the ____________,

A

antigen eptiope

165
Q

variable classes of MHC-2

A

HLA-DP DQ DR

166
Q

expression of MHC-2 antigens is restricted to which cells only

A 
dendritic cells
B lymphocytes
activated T cells
macrophages
inflamed vascular epithelium
APCs
167
Q

target for presentign antigen: MHC class 1

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

168
Q

target for presenting antigen: MHC class 2

A

CD4+ helper T cells

169
Q

type of antigen prsented by MHC-1

A

endogenous - fragments of viral or tumor protein

170
Q

type of antigen presented by MHC2

A

exogenous - fragments of bacterial cells or virus

171
Q

MHC class 3 is composed of what priteins

A

C4 and C2

factor B

MedBiochem (16 decks)

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