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MedBiochem > quiz 1.1 intro to proteins > Flashcards

quiz 1.1 intro to proteins Flashcards

1
Q

bonds affected by water

A

ionic

hydrogen

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2
Q

bonds not affected by water

A

covalent

van der vaals

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3
Q

electrons per sheel

A

2-8-8-18

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4
Q

atomic numbers of H, C, N, O

A

1-6-7-8

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5
Q

unequal sharing of electrons

A

polar

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6
Q

____________ accounts for 70% of cell’s weight

A

water

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7
Q

which are nonpolar and unreactive?

carbon carbon
carbon hydrogen
carbon ocygen
carbon nitrogen?

A

C-C

C-H

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8
Q

which are polar and more reactive

carbon carbon
carbon hydrogen
carbon ocygen
carbon nitrogen?

A

C-O

C-N

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9
Q

identify the functional group

C = O nonterminal

A

ketone

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10
Q

identify the functional group

OH - C = O

A

carboxylic acid

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11
Q

identify the functional group

O=C-O-C=O

A

acid anhydride

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12
Q

identify the functional group

-OH

A

alcohol

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13
Q

identify the functional group

O=C-H

A

aldehyde

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14
Q

identify the functional group

-SH

A

sulfhydryl

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15
Q

identify the functional group

S-S

A

disulfide

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16
Q

identify the functional group

-NH2

A

amino

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17
Q

identify the functional group

N with three methyls attached

A

quaternary amine

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18
Q

identify the functional group

O=C-O

A

ester

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19
Q

identify the functional group

O=C-S

A

thioester

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20
Q

identify the functional group

O=C-NH

A

amide

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21
Q

phases in subcellular fractionation

A

extraction/cell disruprion
homogenization
centrifugation

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22
Q

phase that aims to get maximum disruption of cell and minimal subcelllar damage

A

extration/cell disruption

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23
Q

resulting suspension is a cell free system containing intact organells known as

A

homogenate

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24
Q

cells disrupted will be liberated into the _____

A

sucrose solution

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25
Q

layers after 3rd phase of fractionation

A

nuclear fraction
mitochondrial
microsomal
soluble fraction

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26
Q

included in mitochondrial fraction of centrifugate

A

mitochondria
chlorophyll
lysosomes
peroxisome

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27
Q

included in microsomal fraction of centrifugate

A

ER
ribosomes
plasma membrane

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28
Q

included in the soluble fraction of centrifugate

A

cytoplasm

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29
Q

used in the assessment of purity after fractionatiojn

A

marker molecules

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30
Q

marker molecule for sample of nucleus

A

DNA

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31
Q

marker molecule for sample of mitochondrion

A

glutamic dehydrogenase

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32
Q

marker molecule for sample of ribosomes

A

high content of RNA

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33
Q

marker molecule for sample of endoplasmic reticulum

A

G6P

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34
Q

marker molecule for sample of lysosomes

A

ACP

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35
Q

marker molecule for sample of plasma membrane

A

Na-K ATPase

5’-nucleotidase

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36
Q

marker molecule for sample of golgi apparatus

A

galactosyl transferase

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37
Q

marker molecule for sample of peroxisomes

A

catalse

uric acid oxidase

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38
Q

marker molecule for sample of cytoskeleton

A

none

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39
Q

marker molecule for sample of cytosol

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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40
Q

difference of aldehyde and ketone

A

aldehyde @ C1 (terminal)

ketone @ C2

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41
Q

suffix for aldoses

A

-ose

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42
Q

suffix for ketoses

A

-lose

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43
Q

aldoses that are hexose

A

glucose
galactose
mannose

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44
Q

ketoses that are hexose

A

fructose

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45
Q

sucrose is formed by

A

glucose + fructose

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46
Q

lactose is formed by

A

glucose + galactose

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47
Q

maltose is formed by

A

glucose + glucose

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48
Q

an example of trisacch

A

raffinose

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49
Q

composed of 2-10 saccharides

A

oligosacch

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50
Q

made up of more than 10 sacchs

A

polysacch

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51
Q

shows sugars in their open chain form

A

Fischer projection

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52
Q

three variations of Fischer projection

A

convetional
linear
zigzag

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53
Q

formed when the hydroxyl group attacks the carbonyl group

A

cyclic structure

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54
Q

which cyclic structure is more stable

A

boat and chair

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55
Q

as a rule in Haworth, hydroxyl on the right are ____ on the rings

A

down

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56
Q

shown in a way that the bonds nearest are bold and thickened and the hydroxyls are either up and down

A

haworth

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57
Q

how are cycic structures formed

A

when hydroxyl attacks carbonyl group

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58
Q

when alcohol adds to an aldehyde the results is called

A

hemiacetal

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59
Q

when an alcohol adds to a ketone the result is called

A

hemiketal

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60
Q

in the presence of an acid, another alcohol group can add to hemiacetal or hemiketal to form

A

ketal or acetal

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61
Q

refers to a six membered ring consisting of _____ and _______

A

pyranose; 5 C and 1 O

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62
Q

refers to a five mmbered ring consisting of ___ and ____

A

furanose; 4 C and 1 O

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63
Q

most important monosacchs

A

5 and 6-carbon

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64
Q

means having four diff groups attached to it

A

chiral/asymmetric carbon

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65
Q

properties if monosacchs

A 
chirality
stereoisomerism
optical activity
mutarotation
reducing properties
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66
Q

having same functional groups and connectivity but differ in arrangments of atoms and bonds in space

A

stereoisomers

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67
Q

number of possible stereoisomers depend on

A

number of chiral carbons (2 raised to n)

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68
Q

stereoisomers that are mirror images

A

enantiomers/ D and L isomer

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69
Q

said to be D form when OH at penultimate carbon is _____

A

at the right

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70
Q

____ are naturally occuring sugars

A

D-sugars

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71
Q

stereosiomers that are not mirror images

A

diastereomers

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72
Q

diastereomers that differ at only one specific carbon

A

epimers

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73
Q

are D-glucose and D-galastose epimers?

A

yes

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74
Q

are D-galactose and D-mannose epimers?

A

no

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75
Q

monosacchs that differ in configuration only around the carbonyl group that has undergone attack

A

anomers/ alpha beta isomers

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76
Q

pnemonics ng alpha beta isomers

A

dra. lab

77
Q

2 isomers have the same struc. formula but differ in carbonyl groyp

A

aldose-ketose isomerism

78
Q

percentage of carbon-oxygen-hydrogen

A

50-20-10

79
Q

percentage of nitrogen-calcium-phosphorus

A

8.5-4-2.5

80
Q

ability to rotate plane polarized light to the right or left

A

optical activity

81
Q

two types of optical activity

A

dextrorotatory and levorotatory

82
Q

the angle of rotation in optical activity is measured by

A

polarimeter

83
Q

optical actiity of gluose and fructose

A

+52.5

-91

84
Q

result from spontaneous change of alpha to beta forms and vice versa

A

mutarotation

85
Q

mutarotation is commonly seen in

A

freshly prepared solution

86
Q

this is the carbon attacked by hydroxyl

A

anomer

87
Q

what confers or how is reducing property conferred to a monosacch

A

if hydroxyl group in anomer is not linked to another compound

88
Q

what are the derivatives of monosacc

A 
glucose fam
amino sugar
deoxysugars
acidic sugars
sugar alcohols
sugar phosphate
89
Q

part of the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway

A

glucose-6-phosphate

90
Q

commonly used for osteoarthritis

A

glucosamine

91
Q

found in peptidoglycans of bacterial cell walls

A

N-acetylmuramic acid

92
Q

allows virus to enter

A

sialic acid/n-acetylmuraminic acid

93
Q

sugars that have had a hydroxyl group replaced by a hydrogen atom

A

deoxyribose

94
Q

monosacchs with a carboxyl group (-COOH)

A

sugar acids

95
Q

example of sugar acids

A

aldonic acid
ulosonic acid
uronic acid
aldaric acid

96
Q

sugars that contain hydroxyl group in place of a carbonyl group

A

sugar alcohols

97
Q

an osmotic diuretic to reduce cerebral edema

A

mannitol

98
Q

accumulates in the lenses of diabetic patients and causes cataracts

A

sorbitol

99
Q

type of covalent bond that joins a carb group with another that may or may not be a carb

A

glycosidic bond

100
Q

types of glycosidic bond based on anomeric hydroxyl group

A

alpha

beta

101
Q

sweetest artificial

A

aspartane

102
Q

standard sugar

A

sucrose

103
Q

sweetest natural sugar

A

fructose

104
Q

bond of lactose

A

beta 1-4

105
Q

bond of maltose

A

alpha 1-4

106
Q

bond of sucrose

A

alpha 1-2

107
Q

an essentialy linear homo polysacch

A

amylose

108
Q

highly branched homo polysacc

A

amylopectin

109
Q

occurence of branches in amylopectin every

A

24-30 glucose units

110
Q

bond of amylose

A

alpha 1-4

111
Q

bonds of amylopectin

A

alpha 1-4; alpha 1-6 at branches

112
Q

polysaccg ore branched than amylopectin

A

glycogen

113
Q

occurence of branches in glycogen

A

every 8-12

114
Q

material in plant cell wall that provides strength and rigidity

A

cellulose

115
Q

major form of storage carb in plants

A

starch

116
Q

major form of storage carb in animal

A

glycogen

117
Q

glycogen with an alternating above and below of CH2OH

A

cellulose

118
Q

used in glomerular filtration rate

A

fructans

119
Q

found in fungi, considered a derivative of cellulose

A

chitin

120
Q

difference of proteoglycans and glycoproteins

A

proteoglycan: carb > protein
glycoprotein: protein > carb

121
Q

formed by the repetition of a disacch unit of an amino sugar and a sugar acid

A

GAGs

122
Q

lubricant in the synovial fluid, consistency to vitreous humor, tensile strength and elasticity of cartilages and tendons

A

hyaluronic acid

123
Q

tensile strength and elasticity of cartilages, ligaments, tendons, walls of aorta

A

chondroitin sulfate

124
Q

found in cornea, cartilage, hair and nails

A

keratan sulfate

125
Q

an anticoagulant

A

heparin

126
Q

two ways carbos are linked to rpoteins

A

o-link

n-link

127
Q

o-link when carbo are attached ti hydroxyl side chains of __________

A

serine
threonine
hydroxylysine residues

128
Q

n-link when carbo are attched to amide nitrogen of _______

A

asparagine residues

129
Q

extracelular matrix protein or integral transmembrane

A

proteoglycans

130
Q

glycoconjugate only found in bacterial cell wall

A

peptidoglycan/murein

131
Q

murein contains _____ and not proteins

A

oligopeptides

132
Q

what are the components in a ‘peptidoglycan”

A

peptido: tetrapeptide and pentaglycine
glycan: NAG and NAM

133
Q

covanlently bound to peptidoglycans of bacte

A

teichoic acid

134
Q

what is the tetrapeptide bridge of gram pos bacte

A

L ala - D glu - L lys - D ala

135
Q

an intrinsic membrane protein of the outer cell wall that attaches to the peptidogkycan layer in gram neg

A

Braun lipoprotein

136
Q

determines the antigenicity of bacte

A

LPS

137
Q

protein word first coined by

A

Mulder, 1838

138
Q

“____ dictates ____”

A

structure dictates function

139
Q

two function of proteins

A

dynamic

structural

140
Q

the form found in most proteins

A

L form

141
Q

form found in bacteria cell wall and some antibiotics

A

D form

142
Q

amino acids exist as _________ in solution

A

zwitterion

143
Q

essential amino acids

A

PVT TIM HALL

phenylalanine
valine
theronine

tyrosine
isoleucine
methionine

histidine
arginine
lysine
leucine

144
Q

amino acid essential only to infants not adults

A

arginine

145
Q

considered the 21st amino acid

A

selenocysteine

146
Q

a structural analog of cysteine

A

selenocysteine

147
Q

considered the 22nd amino acid

A

1-pyrorolysine

148
Q

found in freshwater microbe, translated using the stop codon

A

1-pyrrolysine

149
Q

AA with the phenol ring

A

phenylalanine

150
Q

AA witht he phenolic group

A

tyrosine

151
Q

AA with the indole ring

A

tryptophan

152
Q

AA with the thioether group

A

methionine

153
Q

AA with the sulfhydryl group

A

cysteine

154
Q

AA with the guanidine group

A

arginine

155
Q

AA with the imidazole group

A

histidine

156
Q

AA with the amide group

A

asparagine

157
Q

a test that produces polypeptide with one less amino acid that the original

A

Sangers DFNB

158
Q

end product in ninhydrin test

A

Ruhemann’s purple

159
Q

peptide bonds are seen in what parts

A

amino and carboxyl group

160
Q

allowa the measurement of carboxyl groups

A

Sorensen’s titration

161
Q

test for quantitative amino groups in proteins based on nitrogen gas released

A

Van Syke’s

162
Q

tests/ rxns for R group that produce red product

A

Sakaguchi
nitroprusside
Sullivans

163
Q

bond between alpha carbon and carbonyl carbon atom

A

psi bond

164
Q

bond between alpha carbon and nitrogen

A

phi bond

165
Q

in the amide plane of amino acids, H and O are always in ____

A

trans configuration

166
Q

what is the repeating backbone of polypeptide chains

A

Calpha-C-N-Calpha-C-N

167
Q

short segments of amino acids that serve to reverse the direction

A

bends

168
Q

regions containing beyond the inimum number necessary to connect adjacent regions of econdary structures

A

loops

169
Q

left handed helical strands are wound into a super coiled triple helix, preventing alpha or beta configs

A

collagen helix

170
Q

the fundamental functional and three dimensional structural units are called

A

domains

171
Q

aids in the final folding of proteins

A

heat shock proteins or chaperones

172
Q

each chain in protein is (quaternary) called a

A

subunit/component/domain

173
Q

the pKa of -COOH

A

~2 (greater acidity)

174
Q

the pKa of -NH3

A

~9-10 (lesser acidity)

175
Q

in neutrAL SOLUTION, PkA OF AMINO GROUP IS ______ TO CARBOXYLIC

A

greater

176
Q

if pH > pI, amino acid is

A

negative

177
Q

if pH

A

psotive

178
Q

the loss of native conformation

A

denaturation

179
Q

what is retaine in denaturation

A

primary strucure only

180
Q

in this denaturation process, solubility is dependent on

A

salt conc.

181
Q

increase the solubility by adding salt at ___

A

low conc

182
Q

rapid technique for conc of proteins and removal os small contaminant

A

ultrafilt.

183
Q

in gel filtration, which are eluted first

A

larger molecules

184
Q

method that uses anion or cation exchange

A

ion exchange chrom

185
Q

aka molecular sieving

A

column gel filtration

186
Q

denaturating agent used in SDS PAGE

A

sodium dodecyl sulfate

187
Q

bands in PAGE are visulaized using

A

Coomasie blue

188
Q

in SDS PAGE, which are eluted first

A

smaller molecules

MedBiochem (16 decks)

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