quiz 1.1 intro to proteins Flashcards
1
Q
bonds affected by water
A
ionic
hydrogen
2
Q
bonds not affected by water
A
covalent
van der vaals
3
Q
electrons per sheel
A
2-8-8-18
4
Q
atomic numbers of H, C, N, O
A
1-6-7-8
5
Q
unequal sharing of electrons
A
polar
6
Q
____________ accounts for 70% of cell’s weight
A
water
7
Q
which are nonpolar and unreactive?
carbon carbon
carbon hydrogen
carbon ocygen
carbon nitrogen?
A
C-C
C-H
8
Q
which are polar and more reactive
carbon carbon
carbon hydrogen
carbon ocygen
carbon nitrogen?
A
C-O
C-N
9
Q
identify the functional group
C = O nonterminal
A
ketone
10
Q
identify the functional group
OH - C = O
A
carboxylic acid
11
Q
identify the functional group
O=C-O-C=O
A
acid anhydride
12
Q
identify the functional group
-OH
A
alcohol
13
Q
identify the functional group
O=C-H
A
aldehyde
14
Q
identify the functional group
-SH
A
sulfhydryl
15
Q
identify the functional group
S-S
A
disulfide
16
Q
identify the functional group
-NH2
A
amino
17
Q
identify the functional group
N with three methyls attached
A
quaternary amine
18
Q
identify the functional group
O=C-O
A
ester
19
Q
identify the functional group
O=C-S
A
thioester
20
Q
identify the functional group
O=C-NH
A
amide
21
Q
phases in subcellular fractionation
A
extraction/cell disruprion
homogenization
centrifugation
22
Q
phase that aims to get maximum disruption of cell and minimal subcelllar damage
A
extration/cell disruption
23
Q
resulting suspension is a cell free system containing intact organells known as
A
homogenate
24
Q
cells disrupted will be liberated into the _____
A
sucrose solution
25
layers after 3rd phase of fractionation
nuclear fraction
mitochondrial
microsomal
soluble fraction
26
included in mitochondrial fraction of centrifugate
mitochondria
chlorophyll
lysosomes
peroxisome
27
included in microsomal fraction of centrifugate
ER
ribosomes
plasma membrane
28
included in the soluble fraction of centrifugate
cytoplasm
29
used in the assessment of purity after fractionatiojn
marker molecules
30
marker molecule for sample of nucleus
DNA
31
marker molecule for sample of mitochondrion
glutamic dehydrogenase
32
marker molecule for sample of ribosomes
high content of RNA
33
marker molecule for sample of endoplasmic reticulum
G6P
34
marker molecule for sample of lysosomes
ACP
35
marker molecule for sample of plasma membrane
Na-K ATPase
| 5'-nucleotidase
36
marker molecule for sample of golgi apparatus
galactosyl transferase
37
marker molecule for sample of peroxisomes
catalse
| uric acid oxidase
38
marker molecule for sample of cytoskeleton
none
39
marker molecule for sample of cytosol
lactate dehydrogenase
40
difference of aldehyde and ketone
aldehyde @ C1 (terminal)
| ketone @ C2
41
suffix for aldoses
-ose
42
suffix for ketoses
-lose
43
aldoses that are hexose
glucose
galactose
mannose
44
ketoses that are hexose
fructose
45
sucrose is formed by
glucose + fructose
46
lactose is formed by
glucose + galactose
47
maltose is formed by
glucose + glucose
48
an example of trisacch
raffinose
49
composed of 2-10 saccharides
oligosacch
50
made up of more than 10 sacchs
polysacch
51
shows sugars in their open chain form
Fischer projection
52
three variations of Fischer projection
convetional
linear
zigzag
53
formed when the hydroxyl group attacks the carbonyl group
cyclic structure
54
which cyclic structure is more stable
boat and chair
55
as a rule in Haworth, hydroxyl on the right are ____ on the rings
down
56
shown in a way that the bonds nearest are bold and thickened and the hydroxyls are either up and down
haworth
57
how are cycic structures formed
when hydroxyl attacks carbonyl group
58
when alcohol adds to an aldehyde the results is called
hemiacetal
59
when an alcohol adds to a ketone the result is called
hemiketal
60
in the presence of an acid, another alcohol group can add to hemiacetal or hemiketal to form
ketal or acetal
61
refers to a six membered ring consisting of _____ and _______
pyranose; 5 C and 1 O
62
refers to a five mmbered ring consisting of ___ and ____
furanose; 4 C and 1 O
63
most important monosacchs
5 and 6-carbon
64
means having four diff groups attached to it
chiral/asymmetric carbon
65
properties if monosacchs
```
chirality
stereoisomerism
optical activity
mutarotation
reducing properties
```
66
having same functional groups and connectivity but differ in arrangments of atoms and bonds in space
stereoisomers
67
number of possible stereoisomers depend on
number of chiral carbons (2 raised to n)
68
stereoisomers that are mirror images
enantiomers/ D and L isomer
69
said to be D form when OH at penultimate carbon is _____
at the right
70
____ are naturally occuring sugars
D-sugars
71
stereosiomers that are not mirror images
diastereomers
72
diastereomers that differ at only one specific carbon
epimers
73
are D-glucose and D-galastose epimers?
yes
74
are D-galactose and D-mannose epimers?
no
75
monosacchs that differ in configuration only around the carbonyl group that has undergone attack
anomers/ alpha beta isomers
76
pnemonics ng alpha beta isomers
dra. lab
77
2 isomers have the same struc. formula but differ in carbonyl groyp
aldose-ketose isomerism
78
percentage of carbon-oxygen-hydrogen
50-20-10
79
percentage of nitrogen-calcium-phosphorus
8.5-4-2.5
80
ability to rotate plane polarized light to the right or left
optical activity
81
two types of optical activity
dextrorotatory and levorotatory
82
the angle of rotation in optical activity is measured by
polarimeter
83
optical actiity of gluose and fructose
+52.5
| -91
84
result from spontaneous change of alpha to beta forms and vice versa
mutarotation
85
mutarotation is commonly seen in
freshly prepared solution
86
this is the carbon attacked by hydroxyl
anomer
87
what confers or how is reducing property conferred to a monosacch
if hydroxyl group in anomer is not linked to another compound
88
what are the derivatives of monosacc
```
glucose fam
amino sugar
deoxysugars
acidic sugars
sugar alcohols
sugar phosphate
```
89
part of the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway
glucose-6-phosphate
90
commonly used for osteoarthritis
glucosamine
91
found in peptidoglycans of bacterial cell walls
N-acetylmuramic acid
92
allows virus to enter
sialic acid/n-acetylmuraminic acid
93
sugars that have had a hydroxyl group replaced by a hydrogen atom
deoxyribose
94
monosacchs with a carboxyl group (-COOH)
sugar acids
95
example of sugar acids
aldonic acid
ulosonic acid
uronic acid
aldaric acid
96
sugars that contain hydroxyl group in place of a carbonyl group
sugar alcohols
97
an osmotic diuretic to reduce cerebral edema
mannitol
98
accumulates in the lenses of diabetic patients and causes cataracts
sorbitol
99
type of covalent bond that joins a carb group with another that may or may not be a carb
glycosidic bond
100
types of glycosidic bond based on anomeric hydroxyl group
alpha
| beta
101
sweetest artificial
aspartane
102
standard sugar
sucrose
103
sweetest natural sugar
fructose
104
bond of lactose
beta 1-4
105
bond of maltose
alpha 1-4
106
bond of sucrose
alpha 1-2
107
an essentialy linear homo polysacch
amylose
108
highly branched homo polysacc
amylopectin
109
occurence of branches in amylopectin every
24-30 glucose units
110
bond of amylose
alpha 1-4
111
bonds of amylopectin
alpha 1-4; alpha 1-6 at branches
112
polysaccg ore branched than amylopectin
glycogen
113
occurence of branches in glycogen
every 8-12
114
material in plant cell wall that provides strength and rigidity
cellulose
115
major form of storage carb in plants
starch
116
major form of storage carb in animal
glycogen
117
glycogen with an alternating above and below of CH2OH
cellulose
118
used in glomerular filtration rate
fructans
119
found in fungi, considered a derivative of cellulose
chitin
120
difference of proteoglycans and glycoproteins
proteoglycan: carb > protein
glycoprotein: protein > carb
121
formed by the repetition of a disacch unit of an amino sugar and a sugar acid
GAGs
122
lubricant in the synovial fluid, consistency to vitreous humor, tensile strength and elasticity of cartilages and tendons
hyaluronic acid
123
tensile strength and elasticity of cartilages, ligaments, tendons, walls of aorta
chondroitin sulfate
124
found in cornea, cartilage, hair and nails
keratan sulfate
125
an anticoagulant
heparin
126
two ways carbos are linked to rpoteins
o-link
| n-link
127
o-link when carbo are attached ti hydroxyl side chains of __________
serine
threonine
hydroxylysine residues
128
n-link when carbo are attched to amide nitrogen of _______
asparagine residues
129
extracelular matrix protein or integral transmembrane
proteoglycans
130
glycoconjugate only found in bacterial cell wall
peptidoglycan/murein
131
murein contains _____ and not proteins
oligopeptides
132
what are the components in a 'peptidoglycan"
peptido: tetrapeptide and pentaglycine
glycan: NAG and NAM
133
covanlently bound to peptidoglycans of bacte
teichoic acid
134
what is the tetrapeptide bridge of gram pos bacte
L ala - D glu - L lys - D ala
135
an intrinsic membrane protein of the outer cell wall that attaches to the peptidogkycan layer in gram neg
Braun lipoprotein
136
determines the antigenicity of bacte
LPS
137
protein word first coined by
Mulder, 1838
138
"____ dictates ____"
structure dictates function
139
two function of proteins
dynamic
| structural
140
the form found in most proteins
L form
141
form found in bacteria cell wall and some antibiotics
D form
142
amino acids exist as _________ in solution
zwitterion
143
essential amino acids
PVT TIM HALL
phenylalanine
valine
theronine
tyrosine
isoleucine
methionine
histidine
arginine
lysine
leucine
144
amino acid essential only to infants not adults
arginine
145
considered the 21st amino acid
selenocysteine
146
a structural analog of cysteine
selenocysteine
147
considered the 22nd amino acid
1-pyrorolysine
148
found in freshwater microbe, translated using the stop codon
1-pyrrolysine
149
AA with the phenol ring
phenylalanine
150
AA witht he phenolic group
tyrosine
151
AA with the indole ring
tryptophan
152
AA with the thioether group
methionine
153
AA with the sulfhydryl group
cysteine
154
AA with the guanidine group
arginine
155
AA with the imidazole group
histidine
156
AA with the amide group
asparagine
157
a test that produces polypeptide with one less amino acid that the original
Sangers DFNB
158
end product in ninhydrin test
Ruhemann's purple
159
peptide bonds are seen in what parts
amino and carboxyl group
160
allowa the measurement of carboxyl groups
Sorensen's titration
161
test for quantitative amino groups in proteins based on nitrogen gas released
Van Syke's
162
tests/ rxns for R group that produce red product
Sakaguchi
nitroprusside
Sullivans
163
bond between alpha carbon and carbonyl carbon atom
psi bond
164
bond between alpha carbon and nitrogen
phi bond
165
in the amide plane of amino acids, H and O are always in ____
trans configuration
166
what is the repeating backbone of polypeptide chains
Calpha-C-N-Calpha-C-N
167
short segments of amino acids that serve to reverse the direction
bends
168
regions containing beyond the inimum number necessary to connect adjacent regions of econdary structures
loops
169
left handed helical strands are wound into a super coiled triple helix, preventing alpha or beta configs
collagen helix
170
the fundamental functional and three dimensional structural units are called
domains
171
aids in the final folding of proteins
heat shock proteins or chaperones
172
each chain in protein is (quaternary) called a
subunit/component/domain
173
the pKa of -COOH
~2 (greater acidity)
174
the pKa of -NH3
~9-10 (lesser acidity)
175
in neutrAL SOLUTION, PkA OF AMINO GROUP IS ______ TO CARBOXYLIC
greater
176
if pH > pI, amino acid is
negative
177
if pH
psotive
178
the loss of native conformation
denaturation
179
what is retaine in denaturation
primary strucure only
180
in this denaturation process, solubility is dependent on
salt conc.
181
increase the solubility by adding salt at ___
low conc
182
rapid technique for conc of proteins and removal os small contaminant
ultrafilt.
183
in gel filtration, which are eluted first
larger molecules
184
method that uses anion or cation exchange
ion exchange chrom
185
aka molecular sieving
column gel filtration
186
denaturating agent used in SDS PAGE
sodium dodecyl sulfate
187
bands in PAGE are visulaized using
Coomasie blue
188
in SDS PAGE, which are eluted first
smaller molecules
