quiz 1.4 hormones to digestions Flashcards
1
Q
saan emujlsified si TAG
A
duodenum
2
Q
TAG emuslified by what
A
bile salts
3
Q
major fat in diet
A
TAG
4
Q
ilang percent ang TAG sa fat diet
A
90
5
Q
major storage lipid in plants and nimals
A
TAG
6
Q
structure ng TAG
A
glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids
7
Q
derived from choelsterol
A
bile
8
Q
ano nagsstimualte ng release ng bile into duodenum
A
cholecystokinin
9
Q
ang bile hydrophobic or hydophilic?
A
amphipatic
10
Q
ano ung hydrophobic component bile acid
A
steroid nucleus
11
Q
anp ung hydrophilic part ng bile
A
carboxylated side chain
hydroxyl groups
12
Q
ano meron kpag nagexpress ng amphipaticity ung bile acid basta may nangyayari daw
A
hydrophilic face and hydrophobic face
13
Q
biel acids act as _____ binding to fat globules
A
detergent
14
Q
major enzyme that digests dietary TAG
A
pancreatic lipase
15
Q
ano ung ksma ni bile na linalabas sa duodenum for TAG
A
lipase
16
Q
action ng lipase
A
hydrolyze fatty aacids fro pos. 1 and 3 of TAG producing 2 free fatty acids (from carbon 1 and 3) and one 2-monoacylglycerol (carbon 2)
17
Q
10% of fat diet is
A
cholesterol ester and phospholipids
18
Q
remove fatty accids from cholesterol esters
A
esterases
19
Q
digest phospholipids to their component parts
A
phospholipases
20
Q
binds to the dietary fat and to the lipase causing it to be more active
A
colipase
21
Q
raises pH in duodenum into a range which is optimal for the actions f the enzymes
A
bicarbonate
22
Q
bakit kailangan iadjust ni bicarbonate ung pH ng intestine
A
kasi optimal ang neutral pH for enzymes etc.
23
Q
keeps the bile acids adequately ionized to maintain their amphipatic nature
A
bicarbonate
24
Q
the FFas and 2-monoacylglycerol are packaged into
A
micelles
25
where are bile salts reabsorbed
ileum
26
95% of bile acids are recirculated via
enterohepatic circulation
27
where are bile acids stored after recirculation
glall bladder
28
how much bile salts reabsorbed
12-32 g/day
29
ilang times na rerecycle ang bile salts
6-8
30
ilang percent excrted bile sa feces
5%
31
what happens to FFA and MAGs kapag naabsorb na sa intestine
magiging TAG ulit
32
ang TAG after resynthesized sa intestine nagiging
chylomicrons
33
bakit ginagawang chylomicron pa
insoluble si TAG and would coalesce in blood causing obstructions
34
protein part ng chylomicron
apo B-48
35
where are TAGs produced
SER of intestinal epithelial cells
36
saan makikita/produced ung B-48
RER
37
assembly of the lipoproteins occures in the
golgi complex
38
chylomicrons are secreted by the interstinal eopith clls into the ___________________
chyle of the lymphatics
39
chylomicrons enters the blood stream via
thoracic duct within 1-2hrs after a meal
40
TAGs in chylomicrons are hydrolyzed by
lipoprotein lipase
41
after meals , major fate of fatty acis is stored as TAG in
adipose
42
LPL in adipose have high Km therefore...
more active after a meal when chylomicrons are high in the blood
43
adipose LPL is also stimulated by
insulin therefore lipogenic
44
what deposits TAG in adipose tissues
LPL
45
LPL in muscles have a low Km therefore...
can obtain fatty acids from chylomicron even when low in the blood
46
steps ng lipid digestion
```
emulsification of fat
hydrolysis of TAG
solubilization
uptake
pakcaging
transport
```
47
acid table lipases produced by cells at the back of the tongue and in stomach
lingual and gastric lipases
48
kanino most active ng lingual and gastric lipase
children and infants consuming madaming cow's milk
49
short and medium chain fatty acids enter the _____ rather than the lymph and transported to the _____ bound to _______
portal blood;liver;serum albumin
50
synthesized from sucrose that can bond with 6 7 or 8 fatty acids
olean (olestra)
51
the resulting ____________ of olestra is too large that it cannot be absorbed in intestine
radial arrangement
52
action of xenical
attached to the lipases and blocks them from breaking down TAGs
53
____________ of toal calories ang dietary carbs
60-70%
54
forms ng carb sa diet
```
starch
glycogen
disaccharides
monsacch
cellulose
```
55
complex forms of dietary carb are converted to monosaccs by
glycosidase/glucosidase
56
what makes the saliva thick or viscous
mucin
57
salivary alpha amylase aka
ptyalin
58
salivary alpha amylase aka
ptyalin
59
action of amylase
randomly cleaves internal alpha 1-4 linkages
therefore endoglucosidase
60
optimal pH for amylasse
6.6-6.8
61
amylase requires what coafctors
calcium and chloride
62
products after action of amylase
dextrin
maltotriose
maltose
glucose
63
smaller starch molecules after amylase activity
dextrins
64
3 glucose units with alpha 1-4 linkages
maltotriose
65
why is salivary amylase activity halted in stomach
denatured due to extreme pH
66
in pancreatic phase of digestion, food bolus will be _______ by the ______
neutralized;bicarbonate ion
67
pancreatic secretions in carb digestion
bicarbonate ions
| pancreatic alpha amylase
68
difference of pancreatic and salivary amylase
pancreatic amylase has absolute requirement for chloride ions
and site of production
69
products after pancreatic phase
limit dextrins
isomaltose
maltose
glucose
70
total daily dietary load
70-100g
71
ilan lost protein sa feces
6-12g/day
72
pinactive precursors of digetsive enzymes
zymogens
73
how are zymogens activated
cleavage
74
sino mas malaki active enzyme or zymogen
zymogen
75
classiication of divestive enzymes
hydrolase
76
hydrolases with specificity for the peptide bond
peptidases
77
peptidase that attacks internal bonds liberation large peptide fragments
endopeptidase
78
4 inportant data for the action of digestive proteases
phase
type of enzyme
which end the enzyme attacks
particular amino acids it is specific to
79
cleaves off one amino acid at a time from the terminals
exopeptidase
80
example of exopeptidase
carboxypeptidase
| aminopeptidase
81
digestion of proteins begins in the ______ and is completed in the ________
stomach;intestine
82
product after action of endopeptidases
large peptide fragments
kasi ung terminal bonds hindi attacked
83
difference ng carboxy at aminopeptidase
carboxy c terminal
| amino n termina
84
gastric juices creates an acidic environment of pH ____
1-5-2.0
85
low pH purpose in gastric
kill microbes
| denaturation
86
secreted by chief cells
pepsinogen
87
action of pepsinogen
removal of 44 AA from amino terminal
88
used in digestion of K-casein in infants
rennin/chymosin
89
rennin is used for digestion of
k-casein
90
pepsionogen is produced by
chief cells
91
activation of pepsinogen by pesin itself
autocatalysis
92
mechanism of pepsinogen activation
autocatalysis
tas may something pa
93
ano ang limit dextrin
dextrin pero may branch
94
short and medium chain fatty acids _________________ and are absorbed directly into the intestinal epithelial cells
do not require bile salts
95
components of chylomicrons
TAG, cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins
96
enzyme systems in the intetinal brush border
sucrase-isomaltase
glucoamylase
lactase-glucosylceramide
trehalase
97
sycrase-isomaltase has ______ maltose activity
80%
98
products after action of sucrase-isomaltase
glucose and maltose
99
sucrase-isomaltose cuts where
alpha 1-6
100
the glucoamylase complex is composed of
glucoamylase and maltase
101
action of glucoamylase complex
cleaves external alpha 1-4 linkage at the nonreducing ends of the sugar polymer
102
glucoamylase has high cocnentration in
ileum
103
end product after action of glucoamylase
glucose
104
two sites of the beta glucosidase/lactase-glucosylceramide complez
lactase site
| glucosylceramide site
105
action of the lactase site of beta glucosidase complex
cleavage at beta 1,4 bond of lactose
106
action of glucosylceramide site of beta glucosidase complez
cleavage at beta 1,4 bond of ceramide and glucosse or galactose in glycolipids
107
products after beta glucosidase action
glucose and galactose
108
products after trehalase action
glucose
109
trhalase action
alpha 1,1 glycosidic bond cleavage
110
trehalase acts on what
trehalose to produce 2 units
111
ilang glucose ang manggagaling sa trehalose
2
112
dietary fibers remain undigested because
no beta 1-4 glucosidase in humans
113
ang alpha-L-arabinose at beta-D-xylose ay galing saan
hemicellulose
mucilages
gums
114
ang nanggagaling sa hemicellulose
mucilages
gums
alpga-L-arabinose
| beta-D-xylose
115
ano mga galing sa pectin
galacturonic acid
N-acetyl-galactosamine
methylated galacturonic acid
116
ano ang carageenans
galactose-4-SO4
117
aside from dietary fibers, what else can escape digestion in the small intestine and directly enter colon
starch with high amylose content
| undigested oligosacchs
118
undigested carbs in the colon are
acted upon by bacterial metab
119
products after bacterial metab in colon
```
acetic
propionic
butyric
gases (CO2, H2, CH4)
lactate
```
120
transport for pentoses (xylose, arabinose)
simple passive diffusion
121
transport for glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose
facilitated transport
122
transport for glucose ad galactose with the Na-K ATPase pump
NA dependent tranport
123
NA dependent transport is of what kind
scondary active symport
124
a cardiac glycoside that inhibits Na-K ATPase system
ouabain
125
a plant glycoside that blocks the movement of the sugar across the intestinal lumen by competing with glucose for the Na-glucose transporter (SGLT)
phlorizin
126
drug that inhibits renal reabsorption of glucose, used for type 2 DM
SGLT inhibitor
127
an inhibitor of the serosal carrier of glucose through the contraluminal side of the intestinal mucosal cell
cytochalazin
128
insulin dependent glucose uptake blabla seen in (needs insulin to enter tissue)
skeletal muscle
| adipose
129
insulin independent blabla seen in
intestine
liver
RBC
brain
130
glucose transporter seen in nearly all mammalians, responsible for basal uptake
glut 1 and 3
131
Km for glut 1 and 3
1mM
132
glut transporter in liver, kidney and pancreas
glut 2
133
Km ng glut 2
15-20mM
134
glut transporter in adipose tissu, skel and cardiac muscle
glut 4
135
Km ng glut 4
5mM
136
a fructose transporter
glut-5
137
associated with intolerance to lactose
lactase deficiency
138
lactase deficiecny shold be distinguished from intolerance due to sensitivity to the protein in milk ________
lactoglobulin
139
sucrase deficiency px lacks what
sucrase and isomaltase
140
presents with an increase in urinary excretion of disacchs ina mount reaching 300 mg
disacchariduria
141
congenital condition that results from a defect in the carrier mechanism for glucose and galactose absorption and transport
monosaccharide malabsorption
142
absorption of monosacch in the body is at
1gram per kg body weight per hour
| 130 mg/dL glucose in blood within 1hr after meal
143
pepsin acts on peptide bonds in which the carboxyl group is provided by ____
aromatic or acidic AA
phe, tyr, glu, asp
144
products of gastric phase simtulates _______
release of CCK and initiation of pancreatic phase
145
pancreatic releases during the pancreatic phase
bicarbonate
| pancreatic proteases
146
aside from neautralizing stomach acid, the bicarbonate also acts to
make suitable pH environment to activate proteases
147
active form of trypsinogen
trypsin
148
trypsinogen is activated by
endopeptidase/enteropeptidase
149
fragment from trypsinogen after activation
hexapeptide
150
fragment from chymotrpysinogen after activation
2 dipeptide creating a 3 subunit enzyme
151
fragment from proelastase after activation
decapeptide
152
specificity of trypsin
arg lys
153
specificity of chymotrypsin
phe tyr trp
| leu met
154
specificity of elastase
ala gly ser
155
specificity of carboxy A
val ile ala leu
@ c terminal
156
specificity of carboxy B
arg lts
@ c terminal
157
semispecific sodium dependent transport protein on the luminalo membrane of the itnestinal cell brush border
na dependent cotransport
158
deficiency of dietary proteins but with adequate caloric intake
kwashiorkor
159
defect in the function of chloride channels in pancreqatic excretory duct
cystic fibrosis
160
frare autosomal disease that results to defect in the transport of neutral AAs accros intestinal and renal cells
hartnup dx
161
defect in transport of cystine and basic AAs across the brush border
cystinuria
162
hormones literally means
to rouse to activity
163
most common precursor of amine hormones
tyrosine
164
example of amine hormones
norepinehprine
epinephrine
dopamine
thyronin - thyrorine, triiodothyronine
165
hormones that bind to intracellular receptors are usually ______
cholesterol derived
166
hormones that usually bind to cell surface receptors are ____
protein derived
167
all steroid hormones are derived from
cholesterol
168
effects of gonadotropins on steroid hormones
inc
169
steroid hormones are divided into 3 based on number of carbon
pregnane
androstane
estrane
170
pregnane contains and includes
21 carbons
| progestins and corticosteroids
171
androstane contains and includes
19 carbons
| androgens
172
estrane contains and includes
18c arbons
| estrogens
173
distinguished by aromtic ring A
estrogen
174
recognized by aldehyde group at C18
ineralocorticoids
175
sysnthesic of progestin is initated by
desmolase
176
what enzymes act on pregnenolone to make progesterone
3beta dehydrogenase
| delta 5-4 isomerase
177
predominant glucocorticoid in humans made in zona fasciculata
cortisol
178
made in zona fasciculata and glomerulosa, less abundant
corticosterone
179
cortisols synthesis requires 3 hydroxylases that act sequentially on
17
21
11
180
addison's dse aka
primary adrenal insufficiency
181
addison's results in
```
hypoglycemia
anorexia
weight loss
nausea
severe weakness
LOW bp
decreased GFR
HYPERPIGMENTATION
```
182
addison's dse is caused by
dec. cortisol
183
difference sa symptoms ng addison's and secondadry adrenal insufficiency
no pigmentation in secondary
184
disorder of excess glucocorticoids
cushing's
185
symptoms of cushing's
moonf acies
truncal obesity
buffalo hump
186
other effects of cushing syndrome
```
hypernat
hypokal
alkalosis
edema
hypertension
```
187
most potent mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
188
made exclusively in the zona glomerulosa
aldosterone
189
primary action of aldosterone
promote Na retention and excretion of K and hydrogen ions
190
30-50x less potent that aldosterone
11-deoxycorticosterone
191
1000X less potent than aldosterone but produced in significany smounts
cortisol
192
formation of aldosterone from corticosterone
18-hydroxylase > 18-hydroxycorticosterone > 18-alcohol to aldehyde
193
primary aldosteronism aka
conn's syndrome
194
difference ng secondary sa primary aldo
elevated renin and angiotensin 2 sa secondary
