quiz 1.4 hormones to digestions Flashcards
saan emujlsified si TAG
duodenum
TAG emuslified by what
bile salts
major fat in diet
TAG
ilang percent ang TAG sa fat diet
90
major storage lipid in plants and nimals
TAG
structure ng TAG
glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids
derived from choelsterol
bile
ano nagsstimualte ng release ng bile into duodenum
cholecystokinin
ang bile hydrophobic or hydophilic?
amphipatic
ano ung hydrophobic component bile acid
steroid nucleus
anp ung hydrophilic part ng bile
carboxylated side chain
hydroxyl groups
ano meron kpag nagexpress ng amphipaticity ung bile acid basta may nangyayari daw
hydrophilic face and hydrophobic face
biel acids act as _____ binding to fat globules
detergent
major enzyme that digests dietary TAG
pancreatic lipase
ano ung ksma ni bile na linalabas sa duodenum for TAG
lipase
action ng lipase
hydrolyze fatty aacids fro pos. 1 and 3 of TAG producing 2 free fatty acids (from carbon 1 and 3) and one 2-monoacylglycerol (carbon 2)
10% of fat diet is
cholesterol ester and phospholipids
remove fatty accids from cholesterol esters
esterases
digest phospholipids to their component parts
phospholipases
binds to the dietary fat and to the lipase causing it to be more active
colipase
raises pH in duodenum into a range which is optimal for the actions f the enzymes
bicarbonate
bakit kailangan iadjust ni bicarbonate ung pH ng intestine
kasi optimal ang neutral pH for enzymes etc.
keeps the bile acids adequately ionized to maintain their amphipatic nature
bicarbonate
the FFas and 2-monoacylglycerol are packaged into
micelles
where are bile salts reabsorbed
ileum
95% of bile acids are recirculated via
enterohepatic circulation
where are bile acids stored after recirculation
glall bladder
how much bile salts reabsorbed
12-32 g/day
ilang times na rerecycle ang bile salts
6-8
ilang percent excrted bile sa feces
5%
what happens to FFA and MAGs kapag naabsorb na sa intestine
magiging TAG ulit
ang TAG after resynthesized sa intestine nagiging
chylomicrons
bakit ginagawang chylomicron pa
insoluble si TAG and would coalesce in blood causing obstructions
protein part ng chylomicron
apo B-48
where are TAGs produced
SER of intestinal epithelial cells
saan makikita/produced ung B-48
RER
assembly of the lipoproteins occures in the
golgi complex
chylomicrons are secreted by the interstinal eopith clls into the ___________________
chyle of the lymphatics
chylomicrons enters the blood stream via
thoracic duct within 1-2hrs after a meal
TAGs in chylomicrons are hydrolyzed by
lipoprotein lipase
after meals , major fate of fatty acis is stored as TAG in
adipose
LPL in adipose have high Km therefore…
more active after a meal when chylomicrons are high in the blood
adipose LPL is also stimulated by
insulin therefore lipogenic
what deposits TAG in adipose tissues
LPL
LPL in muscles have a low Km therefore…
can obtain fatty acids from chylomicron even when low in the blood
steps ng lipid digestion
emulsification of fat hydrolysis of TAG solubilization uptake pakcaging transport
acid table lipases produced by cells at the back of the tongue and in stomach
lingual and gastric lipases
kanino most active ng lingual and gastric lipase
children and infants consuming madaming cow’s milk
short and medium chain fatty acids enter the _____ rather than the lymph and transported to the _____ bound to _______
portal blood;liver;serum albumin
synthesized from sucrose that can bond with 6 7 or 8 fatty acids
olean (olestra)
the resulting ____________ of olestra is too large that it cannot be absorbed in intestine
radial arrangement
action of xenical
attached to the lipases and blocks them from breaking down TAGs
____________ of toal calories ang dietary carbs
60-70%
forms ng carb sa diet
starch glycogen disaccharides monsacch cellulose
complex forms of dietary carb are converted to monosaccs by
glycosidase/glucosidase
what makes the saliva thick or viscous
mucin
salivary alpha amylase aka
ptyalin
salivary alpha amylase aka
ptyalin
action of amylase
randomly cleaves internal alpha 1-4 linkages
therefore endoglucosidase
optimal pH for amylasse
6.6-6.8
amylase requires what coafctors
calcium and chloride
products after action of amylase
dextrin
maltotriose
maltose
glucose
smaller starch molecules after amylase activity
dextrins
3 glucose units with alpha 1-4 linkages
maltotriose
why is salivary amylase activity halted in stomach
denatured due to extreme pH
in pancreatic phase of digestion, food bolus will be _______ by the ______
neutralized;bicarbonate ion
pancreatic secretions in carb digestion
bicarbonate ions
pancreatic alpha amylase
difference of pancreatic and salivary amylase
pancreatic amylase has absolute requirement for chloride ions
and site of production
products after pancreatic phase
limit dextrins
isomaltose
maltose
glucose
total daily dietary load
70-100g
ilan lost protein sa feces
6-12g/day
pinactive precursors of digetsive enzymes
zymogens
how are zymogens activated
cleavage
sino mas malaki active enzyme or zymogen
zymogen
classiication of divestive enzymes
hydrolase
hydrolases with specificity for the peptide bond
peptidases
peptidase that attacks internal bonds liberation large peptide fragments
endopeptidase
4 inportant data for the action of digestive proteases
phase
type of enzyme
which end the enzyme attacks
particular amino acids it is specific to
cleaves off one amino acid at a time from the terminals
exopeptidase
example of exopeptidase
carboxypeptidase
aminopeptidase
digestion of proteins begins in the ______ and is completed in the ________
stomach;intestine
product after action of endopeptidases
large peptide fragments
kasi ung terminal bonds hindi attacked
difference ng carboxy at aminopeptidase
carboxy c terminal
amino n termina
gastric juices creates an acidic environment of pH ____
1-5-2.0
low pH purpose in gastric
kill microbes
denaturation
secreted by chief cells
pepsinogen
action of pepsinogen
removal of 44 AA from amino terminal
used in digestion of K-casein in infants
rennin/chymosin
rennin is used for digestion of
k-casein
pepsionogen is produced by
chief cells
activation of pepsinogen by pesin itself
autocatalysis
mechanism of pepsinogen activation
autocatalysis
tas may something pa
ano ang limit dextrin
dextrin pero may branch
short and medium chain fatty acids _________________ and are absorbed directly into the intestinal epithelial cells
do not require bile salts
components of chylomicrons
TAG, cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins
enzyme systems in the intetinal brush border
sucrase-isomaltase
glucoamylase
lactase-glucosylceramide
trehalase
sycrase-isomaltase has ______ maltose activity
80%
products after action of sucrase-isomaltase
glucose and maltose
sucrase-isomaltose cuts where
alpha 1-6
the glucoamylase complex is composed of
glucoamylase and maltase
action of glucoamylase complex
cleaves external alpha 1-4 linkage at the nonreducing ends of the sugar polymer
glucoamylase has high cocnentration in
ileum
end product after action of glucoamylase
glucose
two sites of the beta glucosidase/lactase-glucosylceramide complez
lactase site
glucosylceramide site
action of the lactase site of beta glucosidase complex
cleavage at beta 1,4 bond of lactose
action of glucosylceramide site of beta glucosidase complez
cleavage at beta 1,4 bond of ceramide and glucosse or galactose in glycolipids
products after beta glucosidase action
glucose and galactose
products after trehalase action
glucose
trhalase action
alpha 1,1 glycosidic bond cleavage
trehalase acts on what
trehalose to produce 2 units
ilang glucose ang manggagaling sa trehalose
2
dietary fibers remain undigested because
no beta 1-4 glucosidase in humans
ang alpha-L-arabinose at beta-D-xylose ay galing saan
hemicellulose
mucilages
gums
ang nanggagaling sa hemicellulose
mucilages
gums
alpga-L-arabinose
beta-D-xylose
ano mga galing sa pectin
galacturonic acid
N-acetyl-galactosamine
methylated galacturonic acid
ano ang carageenans
galactose-4-SO4
aside from dietary fibers, what else can escape digestion in the small intestine and directly enter colon
starch with high amylose content
undigested oligosacchs
undigested carbs in the colon are
acted upon by bacterial metab
products after bacterial metab in colon
acetic propionic butyric gases (CO2, H2, CH4) lactate
transport for pentoses (xylose, arabinose)
simple passive diffusion
transport for glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose
facilitated transport
transport for glucose ad galactose with the Na-K ATPase pump
NA dependent tranport
NA dependent transport is of what kind
scondary active symport
a cardiac glycoside that inhibits Na-K ATPase system
ouabain
a plant glycoside that blocks the movement of the sugar across the intestinal lumen by competing with glucose for the Na-glucose transporter (SGLT)
phlorizin
drug that inhibits renal reabsorption of glucose, used for type 2 DM
SGLT inhibitor
an inhibitor of the serosal carrier of glucose through the contraluminal side of the intestinal mucosal cell
cytochalazin
insulin dependent glucose uptake blabla seen in (needs insulin to enter tissue)
skeletal muscle
adipose
insulin independent blabla seen in
intestine
liver
RBC
brain
glucose transporter seen in nearly all mammalians, responsible for basal uptake
glut 1 and 3
Km for glut 1 and 3
1mM
glut transporter in liver, kidney and pancreas
glut 2
Km ng glut 2
15-20mM
glut transporter in adipose tissu, skel and cardiac muscle
glut 4
Km ng glut 4
5mM
a fructose transporter
glut-5
associated with intolerance to lactose
lactase deficiency
lactase deficiecny shold be distinguished from intolerance due to sensitivity to the protein in milk ________
lactoglobulin
sucrase deficiency px lacks what
sucrase and isomaltase
presents with an increase in urinary excretion of disacchs ina mount reaching 300 mg
disacchariduria
congenital condition that results from a defect in the carrier mechanism for glucose and galactose absorption and transport
monosaccharide malabsorption
absorption of monosacch in the body is at
1gram per kg body weight per hour
130 mg/dL glucose in blood within 1hr after meal
pepsin acts on peptide bonds in which the carboxyl group is provided by ____
aromatic or acidic AA
phe, tyr, glu, asp
products of gastric phase simtulates _______
release of CCK and initiation of pancreatic phase
pancreatic releases during the pancreatic phase
bicarbonate
pancreatic proteases
aside from neautralizing stomach acid, the bicarbonate also acts to
make suitable pH environment to activate proteases
active form of trypsinogen
trypsin
trypsinogen is activated by
endopeptidase/enteropeptidase
fragment from trypsinogen after activation
hexapeptide
fragment from chymotrpysinogen after activation
2 dipeptide creating a 3 subunit enzyme
fragment from proelastase after activation
decapeptide
specificity of trypsin
arg lys
specificity of chymotrypsin
phe tyr trp
leu met
specificity of elastase
ala gly ser
specificity of carboxy A
val ile ala leu
@ c terminal
specificity of carboxy B
arg lts
@ c terminal
semispecific sodium dependent transport protein on the luminalo membrane of the itnestinal cell brush border
na dependent cotransport
deficiency of dietary proteins but with adequate caloric intake
kwashiorkor
defect in the function of chloride channels in pancreqatic excretory duct
cystic fibrosis
frare autosomal disease that results to defect in the transport of neutral AAs accros intestinal and renal cells
hartnup dx
defect in transport of cystine and basic AAs across the brush border
cystinuria
hormones literally means
to rouse to activity
most common precursor of amine hormones
tyrosine
example of amine hormones
norepinehprine
epinephrine
dopamine
thyronin - thyrorine, triiodothyronine
hormones that bind to intracellular receptors are usually ______
cholesterol derived
hormones that usually bind to cell surface receptors are ____
protein derived
all steroid hormones are derived from
cholesterol
effects of gonadotropins on steroid hormones
inc
steroid hormones are divided into 3 based on number of carbon
pregnane
androstane
estrane
pregnane contains and includes
21 carbons
progestins and corticosteroids
androstane contains and includes
19 carbons
androgens
estrane contains and includes
18c arbons
estrogens
distinguished by aromtic ring A
estrogen
recognized by aldehyde group at C18
ineralocorticoids
sysnthesic of progestin is initated by
desmolase
what enzymes act on pregnenolone to make progesterone
3beta dehydrogenase
delta 5-4 isomerase
predominant glucocorticoid in humans made in zona fasciculata
cortisol
made in zona fasciculata and glomerulosa, less abundant
corticosterone
cortisols synthesis requires 3 hydroxylases that act sequentially on
17
21
11
addison’s dse aka
primary adrenal insufficiency
addison’s results in
hypoglycemia anorexia weight loss nausea severe weakness LOW bp decreased GFR HYPERPIGMENTATION
addison’s dse is caused by
dec. cortisol
difference sa symptoms ng addison’s and secondadry adrenal insufficiency
no pigmentation in secondary
disorder of excess glucocorticoids
cushing’s
symptoms of cushing’s
moonf acies
truncal obesity
buffalo hump
other effects of cushing syndrome
hypernat hypokal alkalosis edema hypertension
most potent mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
made exclusively in the zona glomerulosa
aldosterone
primary action of aldosterone
promote Na retention and excretion of K and hydrogen ions
30-50x less potent that aldosterone
11-deoxycorticosterone
1000X less potent than aldosterone but produced in significany smounts
cortisol
formation of aldosterone from corticosterone
18-hydroxylase > 18-hydroxycorticosterone > 18-alcohol to aldehyde
primary aldosteronism aka
conn’s syndrome
difference ng secondary sa primary aldo
elevated renin and angiotensin 2 sa secondary
