quiz 3 ch 7 Flashcards
trophic levels
feeding levels that help classify organisms
autotrophs
self feeders.
use inorganic sources of C and energy
photosynthetic
use CO2 for C source
sunlight for energy
chemosynthetic
use inorganic Molec for C and energy
heterotrophs
organic molec for C and energy source
plants with alternative nutrition
carnivorous plants and pitcher plants
carnivorous plants live in
N poor environments
type of pitcher plant
Venus fly trap
photon
light particles that bear energy
types of photons
infrared and ultraviolet
infrared (IR)
long wavelength with low energy.
interacts with matter to increase motion
ultraviolet (UV)
short wavelength with high energy.
destroys bio molecule/function
photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
visible light: 400-700 nanometers
when light enters the ecosystem it changes in quantity and quality depending on the organism present
C3 plants are
most plants and algae
C3 pathways**
CO2 and rubp are converted to a 3-C acid called PGA
C3 plants get their carbon source by
opening the stomata to let CO2 escape. but it can also let water escape
C4 plants
live in hot, sunny environments like corn and sugarcane
C4 plants survive by
having fewer stomata open to reduce CO2 concentration in leaves by increasing rate of CO2 diffusion and conserve water
C4 pathway **
CO2 and photons enter mesophyll through the stomata > co2 reacts with PEP to make to make C4 acid > C4 moves to bundle sheath cell > c4 acid converted to pyruvate and co2 > co2 goes to Calvin cycle to make more pyruvate > pyruvate moves to mesophyll and is converted to PEP
C4 acid produced by
co2 fixation diffused to specialized cell surrounding bundle sheath cell
CAM plants
crassulacean acid metabolism.
in succulent plants in arid and semi arid environmnets
CAM plant behavior
c fixation at night
reduce water loss
low photosynthesis rates
high h2o efficiency rates
CAM pathway
CO2 enter mesophyll through the stomata at night > co2 reacts with PEP to make to make C4 acid > C4 acid is stored till day > c4 acid converted to pyruvate and co2 > co2 goes to Calvin cycle to make more pyruvate > pyruvate is converted to PEP
organisms that use inorganic Molec are found
on sea floor near volcanos at the oceanic rift were nutrients are discharged
chemosynthetic bacteria
free living and w/in invertebrate tissues.
use inorganic Molec for energy source
heterotrophs use
organic Molec for energy source
types of heterotroph
herbivores
carnivores
omnivores
detritivores
herbivores
eat plants
usually low in N
carnivores
eat nutritionally rich prey
omnivores
eat plants and animals
detritivores
eat non living organic matter (plant remains )
poor in N, get it from dead leaves
5 elements that make up chemical composition and nutritional requirements
C O H N P
ecological stoichiometry
balance of multiple chem elements in ecological interaction
herbivores challenges
overcome plant physical (cellulose, lignin, silica) and chemical plant (toxins, digestion reducing compounds) defenses
prey defenses
crypsis defensive morphology defensive behavior toxins aposematic coloring mullein mimicry batesian mimicry
crypsis
animal color and shape
aposematic coloring
bright or warning
mullein mimicry
noxious (harmful) resemble each other
ex: bees and wasp
batesian mimicry
harmless resemble noxious
predators
selection agents for prey defenses
evolutionary arms race
predators and prey spp. are endangered in coevolution
size selective predation**
prey based on size
plant energy limitation
limits on potential rate of energy intake by plants
photon flux density**
looks at response of photosynthetic rate # photon of light striking meter surface each second
energy limitations of animals
limit of potential rate of energy intake by animals.
relationship btwn feeding rates and food availability
how many types functional responses of energy limitations of animals
type 1
type 2
type 3
**type 1 functional response
feeding rate increases linearly as food density y increases and levels off at max.
consumer requires little or no search and handling time
**type 2 functional responses
feeding rate rises in proportion to food density.
feeding rate limited by searching/handling time.
**type 3 functional response
s- shaped.
feeding rate increases at intermediate densities.
limited by searching at low densities and handling at high densities
optimal foraging theory
if energy supply is limited then the organism can’t max all life function all at once
life functions affected by limited energy supply
finding mate avoid predators make shelter reproducing parental care digest food fight illness growth finding food **
principle of allocation of resources**
compromise of natural selection operating on each organism to optimize energy budget to max fitness
cost and benefit w/respect to foraging
favor behavior that minimizes cost and max benefits
if there are more abundant prey
large energy return
animals must consider energy expended from
searching for prey
handling time
when looking for different prey
diff search costs handling costs nutritive value energy value abundance
prey role in predators diet
optimize energy intake
predators feel only on prey 1 when
1 prey type > 2 prey types
predators feed on prey 1 and 2 when
2 prey type> 1 prey type
case study: bluegill sunfish
prediction
usually prey by size
to get max rate of energy intake the must prey on 4mm or longer
case study: bluegill sunfish
result
most abundant prey were 4mm long
optimal allocation by plants
there is limited supply of energy from leaves, stems, and roots.
plants must adjust allocation so all resources are equally limited
case study: optimal allocation of grass
prediction
decrease root:shoot ratio as N availability increases
