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Ecology > quiz 3 ch 7 > Flashcards

quiz 3 ch 7 Flashcards

1
Q

trophic levels

A

feeding levels that help classify organisms

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2
Q

autotrophs

A

self feeders.

use inorganic sources of C and energy

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3
Q

photosynthetic

A

use CO2 for C source

sunlight for energy

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4
Q

chemosynthetic

A

use inorganic Molec for C and energy

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5
Q

heterotrophs

A

organic molec for C and energy source

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6
Q

plants with alternative nutrition

A

carnivorous plants and pitcher plants

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7
Q

carnivorous plants live in

A

N poor environments

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8
Q

type of pitcher plant

A

Venus fly trap

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9
Q

photon

A

light particles that bear energy

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10
Q

types of photons

A

infrared and ultraviolet

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11
Q

infrared (IR)

A

long wavelength with low energy.

interacts with matter to increase motion

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12
Q

ultraviolet (UV)

A

short wavelength with high energy.

destroys bio molecule/function

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13
Q

photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)

A

visible light: 400-700 nanometers

when light enters the ecosystem it changes in quantity and quality depending on the organism present

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14
Q

C3 plants are

A

most plants and algae

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15
Q

C3 pathways**

A

CO2 and rubp are converted to a 3-C acid called PGA

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16
Q

C3 plants get their carbon source by

A

opening the stomata to let CO2 escape. but it can also let water escape

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17
Q

C4 plants

A

live in hot, sunny environments like corn and sugarcane

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18
Q

C4 plants survive by

A

having fewer stomata open to reduce CO2 concentration in leaves by increasing rate of CO2 diffusion and conserve water

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19
Q

C4 pathway **

A

CO2 and photons enter mesophyll through the stomata > co2 reacts with PEP to make to make C4 acid > C4 moves to bundle sheath cell > c4 acid converted to pyruvate and co2 > co2 goes to Calvin cycle to make more pyruvate > pyruvate moves to mesophyll and is converted to PEP

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20
Q

C4 acid produced by

A

co2 fixation diffused to specialized cell surrounding bundle sheath cell

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21
Q

CAM plants

A

crassulacean acid metabolism.

in succulent plants in arid and semi arid environmnets

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22
Q

CAM plant behavior

A

c fixation at night
reduce water loss
low photosynthesis rates
high h2o efficiency rates

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23
Q

CAM pathway

A

CO2 enter mesophyll through the stomata at night > co2 reacts with PEP to make to make C4 acid > C4 acid is stored till day > c4 acid converted to pyruvate and co2 > co2 goes to Calvin cycle to make more pyruvate > pyruvate is converted to PEP

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24
Q

organisms that use inorganic Molec are found

A

on sea floor near volcanos at the oceanic rift were nutrients are discharged

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25
Q

chemosynthetic bacteria

A

free living and w/in invertebrate tissues.

use inorganic Molec for energy source

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26
Q

heterotrophs use

A

organic Molec for energy source

27
Q

types of heterotroph

A

herbivores
carnivores
omnivores
detritivores

28
Q

herbivores

A

eat plants

usually low in N

29
Q

carnivores

A

eat nutritionally rich prey

30
Q

omnivores

A

eat plants and animals

31
Q

detritivores

A

eat non living organic matter (plant remains )

poor in N, get it from dead leaves

32
Q

5 elements that make up chemical composition and nutritional requirements

A 
C
O
H
N
P
33
Q

ecological stoichiometry

A

balance of multiple chem elements in ecological interaction

34
Q

herbivores challenges

A

overcome plant physical (cellulose, lignin, silica) and chemical plant (toxins, digestion reducing compounds) defenses

35
Q

prey defenses

A 
crypsis 
defensive morphology 
defensive behavior 
toxins
aposematic coloring 
mullein mimicry 
batesian mimicry
36
Q

crypsis

A

animal color and shape

37
Q

aposematic coloring

A

bright or warning

38
Q

mullein mimicry

A

noxious (harmful) resemble each other

ex: bees and wasp

39
Q

batesian mimicry

A

harmless resemble noxious

40
Q

predators

A

selection agents for prey defenses

41
Q

evolutionary arms race

A

predators and prey spp. are endangered in coevolution

42
Q

size selective predation**

A

prey based on size

43
Q

plant energy limitation

A

limits on potential rate of energy intake by plants

44
Q

photon flux density**

A 
looks at response of photosynthetic rate 
# photon of light striking meter surface each second
45
Q

energy limitations of animals

A

limit of potential rate of energy intake by animals.

relationship btwn feeding rates and food availability

46
Q

how many types functional responses of energy limitations of animals

A

type 1
type 2
type 3

47
Q

**type 1 functional response

A

feeding rate increases linearly as food density y increases and levels off at max.
consumer requires little or no search and handling time

48
Q

**type 2 functional responses

A

feeding rate rises in proportion to food density.

feeding rate limited by searching/handling time.

49
Q

**type 3 functional response

A

s- shaped.
feeding rate increases at intermediate densities.
limited by searching at low densities and handling at high densities

50
Q

optimal foraging theory

A

if energy supply is limited then the organism can’t max all life function all at once

51
Q

life functions affected by limited energy supply

A 
finding mate
avoid predators
make shelter 
reproducing
parental care 
digest food 
fight illness 
growth 
finding food **
52
Q

principle of allocation of resources**

A

compromise of natural selection operating on each organism to optimize energy budget to max fitness

53
Q

cost and benefit w/respect to foraging

A

favor behavior that minimizes cost and max benefits

54
Q

if there are more abundant prey

A

large energy return

55
Q

animals must consider energy expended from

A

searching for prey

handling time

56
Q

when looking for different prey

A 
diff search costs 
handling costs
nutritive value 
energy value 
abundance
57
Q

prey role in predators diet

A

optimize energy intake

58
Q

predators feel only on prey 1 when

A

1 prey type > 2 prey types

59
Q

predators feed on prey 1 and 2 when

A

2 prey type> 1 prey type

60
Q

case study: bluegill sunfish

prediction

A

usually prey by size

to get max rate of energy intake the must prey on 4mm or longer

61
Q

case study: bluegill sunfish

result

A

most abundant prey were 4mm long

62
Q

optimal allocation by plants

A

there is limited supply of energy from leaves, stems, and roots.
plants must adjust allocation so all resources are equally limited

63
Q

case study: optimal allocation of grass

prediction

A

decrease root:shoot ratio as N availability increases

Ecology (25 decks)

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