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Ecology > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

estuary

A

area with brackish water

where river meets the sea

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2
Q

desert

A

large daily temp fluctuations
low rainfall
desiccation resistant plants that are sparsely distributed
soils low in organic matter

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3
Q

savanna

A

wet and dry seasons
lighting cause wildfires
saturated soils
2D landscape

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4
Q

tropical rainforest

A

stratified communities
high rainfall ~2,000-4,000 mm annually
little temp variation btwn months
nutrient poor acidic soils

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5
Q

littoral

A

shallow areas near oceans or lake shores

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6
Q

temperate forest

A

nutrient rich
deep soil
herbaceous vegetation
large roaming mammals/ ungulates

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7
Q

benthic

A

sediments and rocky ocean bottom

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8
Q

taiga

A

conifers

thin, low fertility acidic soils

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9
Q

evolution

A

change in allele frequency pithing a population over a period of time

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10
Q

natural selection

A

organisms give rise to live organisms.
chance variation btwn individuals that are heritable.
more offspring will be produced each generation that survives the environment.
some individuals have higher chance of survival than others in the same population.

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11
Q

condition for H-W equilibrium

A

random mating or no mating.

large population size = no genetic drift.

no immigration/emigration = no gene flow.

equitable fitness btwn all genotypes = no NS.

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12
Q

marine fish challenges

A

hyper osmotic

extreme water loss through gils

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13
Q

marine fish resolution

A

drink saltwater which also increases salt concentrations.

get rid of excess salt by chloride cels in gills and concentrated urine production

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14
Q

freshwater fish challenges

A

hyper osmotic

excrete excess internal water by large amounts of diluted urine. lose large amounts of solute

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15
Q

freshwater fish resolution

A

replace salts by absorbing Na and Cl at base of gill filament and ingested foods

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16
Q

water conservation

A 
waterproof outer coating 
concentrated urine/ feces 
condense water vapor in breath 
behavioral adaptations 
drop leaves when in drought 
thick leaves 
few stomata 
periodic dormancy 
protection from poacher with spines or hairs
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17
Q

greenhouse effect

A

the surface of the earth is kept warm by ultraviolet rays from the sun being absorbed by greenhouse gases and not allowing it to be reflected like they usually are.

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18
Q

greenhouse gases

A

carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, ozone, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons

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19
Q

species*

A

group of interbreeding organisms that produce fertile offspring

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20
Q

populations*

A

group of individuals of a single species in a particular area

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21
Q

community*

A

all species in given area

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22
Q

ecosystems*

A

organism + physical environments

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23
Q

biosphere*

A

highest level of ecological organization.

A.K.A.: sum of all ecosystems

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24
Q

niche*

A

factors necessary for species existence

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25
Q

resource partitioning*

A

exception of the principle of competitive exclusion. by Robert MacArthur which stated that resources are used in different ways or times, or both allowing organisms to coexist

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26
Q

principle of competitive exclusion

A

species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely. can lead to better competitor eventually excluding the other

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27
Q

the spherical shape and tilt of earth’s axis can lead to

A

uneven heating of earths surface

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28
Q

precipitation patterns cause*

A

rainforest near the equator.
major deserts near 30 degree N/S hemisphere.
seasons due to tilt.

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29
Q

air circulation patterns are

A

warm, moist air rising.
cools, condenses, and falls as rain.
cooler, dry air falls back on surface.

30
Q

*phenotypic plasticity

A

variation in phenotype due to different environment

31
Q

ecotype

A

subspecies or race adapted to certain set of environmental conditions

32
Q

latent heat of fusion

A

energy to freeze liquid water

33
Q

latent heat of vaporization

A

energy needed to turn liquid water into vapor. don’t need to evaporate much water to cool a lot of matter

34
Q

psychrophilic microbes

A

cold loving; usually found in Antarctica

35
Q

thermophilic microbes

A

hot loving bacteria

ex: Taq

36
Q

natural body temperature regulators

A

poikilotherms

homeotherms

37
Q

poikilotherms

A

organism that cannot regulate their body temp; done by behaviors like burrowing or basking

38
Q

homeotherms

A

constant body temp regardless of environmental temp

39
Q

organisms with mechanisms to regulate body temp

A

ectotherm

endotherms

40
Q

ectotherms

A

rely on external energy sources

41
Q

endotherms

A

rely of metabolic energy

42
Q

how do skunk cabbage generate heat

A

translocating starch stored in roots to inflorescence so it can be metabolized

43
Q

O horizon

A

most superficial organic layer made up of fresh material

44
Q

A horizon

A

mixture of minerals, clay, silt, and sand

45
Q

C horizon

A

weathered parent material

46
Q

B horizon

A

Clay, humus, and other material

47
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

high solute concentration relative to surrounding water

48
Q

hypo osmotic

A

lower solute concentration relative to surrounding water

49
Q

deep roots

A

when in dry environment to get water from deep in soil

50
Q

shallow dense roots

A

plants in environment with infrequent rainfall

51
Q

evaporation in terrestrial organisms cause

A

most water loss

by stomata, panting, and sweating

52
Q

**how plants and animals can conserve water

A 
waterproof outer coating 
concentrated urine/ feces 
condense water vapor in breath 
behavioral adaptations 
drop leaves when in drought 
thick leaves 
few stomata 
periodic dormancy 
protection from poacher with spines or hairs
53
Q

approached for dealing with dry terrestrial lifestyle

A

water acquisition and water conservation

54
Q

photon flux density**

A 
looks at response of photosynthetic rate 
# photon of light striking meter surface each second
55
Q

**type 1 functional response

A

feeding rate increases linearly as food density y increases and levels off at max.
consumer requires little or no search and handling time

56
Q

*type 2 functional responses

A

feeding rate rises in proportion to food density.

feeding rate limited by searching/handling time.

57
Q

**type 3 functional response

A

s- shaped.
feeding rate increases at intermediate densities.
limited by searching at low densities and handling at high densities

58
Q

principle of allocation of resources**

A

compromise of natural selection operating on each organism to optimize energy budget to max fitness

59
Q

mullein mimicry

A

noxious (harmful) resemble each other

ex: bees and wasp

60
Q

batesian mimicry

A

harmless resemble noxious

61
Q

prey defenses

A 
crypsis 
defensive morphology 
defensive behavior 
toxins
aposematic coloring 
mullein mimicry 
batesian mimicry
62
Q

autotrophs

A

self feeders.

use inorganic sources of C and energy

63
Q

photosynthetic

A

use CO2 for C source

sunlight for energy

64
Q

chemosynthetic

A

use inorganic Molec for C and energy

65
Q

heterotrophs

A

organic molec for C and energy source

66
Q

fitness

A

reproductive contribution to next generation

ex: being in a herd is safer, but less food

67
Q

intersexual selection

A

member of one sex chooses mate based on particular trait

68
Q

intrasexual

A

individuals of same sex compete with each other for mates

69
Q

Kodric -brown said

A

reproductive success due to Attractiveness and dominance.

70
Q

sociality usually involves

A

cooperative feeding.
defense of social group.
restricted reproductive opportunities.

71
Q

inclusive fitness (Hamilton’s Kin Selection)

A

type of selection which individuals increase their own inclusive fitness by increasing survival and reproduce relatives that are not their own offspring

Ecology (25 decks)

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