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Ecology > quiz 1 ch 4 > Flashcards

quiz 1 ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Charles Drawin

A

went on a journey around the world which convinced him that various populations evolve from ancestral form.

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2
Q

theory of evolution by natural selection states:

A

organisms give rise to live organisms.
chance variation btwn individuals that are heritable.
more offspring will be produced each generation that survives.
some individuals have higher chance of survival tan others in the same population.

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3
Q

evolution

A

change in allele frequency in population over time

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4
Q

variation within a population

A

phenotypic variation among individuals in population is a result of combined effects of genes environment

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5
Q

ecotype

A

subspecies or race adapted to certain set of environmental conditions

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6
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

discovered that characteristics pass from parent to offspring in form of discrete pockets (genes)

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7
Q

*phenotypic plasticity

A

variation in phenotype due to different environment

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8
Q

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium states

A

in population there is random mating and an absence of evolutionary forces causing allele frequency to remain constant from generation to generation

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9
Q

gene pool

A

sum of alleles in a population

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10
Q

allele frequency

A

related proportions of 2 alleles

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11
Q

genetic frequency

A

proportion of genotypes of an individual organism

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12
Q

phenotypic frequency

A

relative proportions of traits

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13
Q

p+q=1

A

sum of all alleles in a population

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14
Q

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

A

genotypic proportions

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15
Q

conditions for H-W equilibrium*

A

random mating.
no mating.
large population size = no genetic drift.
no immigration/emigration = no gene flow.
equitable fitness btwn all genotypes = no NS.
~1 will not be met and allele frequency changes.

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16
Q

non random change due to natural selection

A

natural selection can favor, disfavor, or conserve genetic makeup of a population.
by stabilizing selection, directional selection, or disruptive selection

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17
Q

stabilizing selection

A

intermediate forms are favored and extremes eliminated.
does not result in evolutionary change and preserve average.
ex: human infant birth weight.

18
Q

directional selection

A

change phenotype to favor extreme phenotype over others.
lead to evolutionary change.
ex: antibiotic resistance in bacteria

19
Q

disruptive selection

A

bimodal distribution by favoring 2 or more extreme phenotypes over average in population.
ex: seed cracker finches in Africa

20
Q

change due to chance

A

random process;

genetic drift changes gene frequencies especially in small populations

21
Q

concern of habitat fragmentation

A

reduces habitat availability to where genetic drift reduces genetic diversity in natural population.

22
Q

endemic

A

not found anywhere else

23
Q

inbreeding in small population leads to

A

high extinction rates

24
Q

inbreeding leads to

A

reduced fecundity.
depressed juvenile survival.
shorten life span.

25
Q

case study: variation in plant populations

hypothesis

A

evidence of genetic adaptation by ecotype to local environmental conditions of 3 clones from common gardens at 3 elevations at (lowland, midland, and alpine).

if there is no genetic difference then they wold grow equally as well

26
Q

case study: variation in plant populations

result

A

did not support hypothesis.

different ecotypes = diff genotypes even if they were genetically identical.

27
Q

case study: variation in animal populations (chuckwalla)

hypothesis

A

genetic variation of young when they grow in regions with different elevation and rainfall

28
Q

case study: variation in animal populations (lizard)

results

A

raised in common garden experiment with controlled variables at different elevation.
lizards at higher elevation grew larger because the increased rainfall leading to more food for young.

29
Q

case study: adaptive change in island colonizing lizards

hypothesis

A

physical change in hind limbs depending on vegetation once they are translocated

30
Q

case study: adaptive change in island colonizing lizards

results

A

less morphological change in hind limbs in areas where vegetation is the same to OG island.
greater morphological change in areas with new vegetation

31
Q

case study: rapid adaptation by soapberry bugs

hypothesis

A

document adaptations of herbivore beak length to the distance from fruit walls to seeds vary to see if there are any genetic differences in populations or by chemical factors for host plants

32
Q

case study: rapid adaptation by soapberry bugs

result

A

raised juvenile on alt host plants and they maintained beak length

33
Q

case study genetic drift in chihuahua spruce

hypothesis

A

did population lose its genetic diversity after the glacial Pleistocene; looked at diversity of enzymes for 24 genes

34
Q

case study genetic drift in chihuahua spruce

result

A

there was a population size and diversity, smaller populations = low heterozygosity than larger populations

35
Q

case study: genetic variation in island populations

hypothesis

A

look at genetic variation in animal and plant populations of an island and the mainland

36
Q

case study: genetic variation in island populations

result

A

genetic variation was lower in isolated and smaller island populations that are endemic.
indicates low potential for population to evolve

37
Q

isolated areas

A

less genetic variation = less variation for NS to act on

38
Q

case study: Glanville fritillary butterflies

hypothesis

A

inbreeding of 42 heterozygous populations in patchy environments

39
Q

case study: Glanville fritillary butterflies

results

A

higher inbreeding (low heterozygosity) had higher probability of extinction due to few offspring with lower survival rate

40
Q

natural selection*

A

heritable characteristics that are favorable and give an advantage.
allows for variation in a population.
gives a higher chance of survival and reproduction at an individual level.

Ecology (25 decks)

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