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Medical Vocab > quiz 13 > Flashcards

quiz 13 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

shape of the eye

A

globe-shaped

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2
Q

location of the eye

A

within a hollow bony socket (orbit) in the anterior cranium

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3
Q

tunics

A

layers of the eye

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4
Q

how many tunics are in the eye

A

three

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5
Q

fibrous tunic

A

-outermost layer
-sclera, cornea, conjunctiva

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6
Q

vascular tunic

A

-middle layer
-choroid, iris, ciliary body, lens

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7
Q

uvea

A

vascular tunic

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8
Q

pupil

A

round opening in the center of the iris

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9
Q

ciliary body

A

-extension of the choroid
-attaches to suspensory ligaments
-smooth muscles that adjust the shape of the lens to enable the eye to focus on objects in varying distances

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10
Q

lens

A

held in place behind the iris by suspensory ligaments, suspended from the ciliary body

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11
Q

sensory tunic

A

-innermost layer
-double layered retina

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12
Q

what are the two parts of the retina

A

optic disk and optic nerve

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13
Q

what are the two visual receptors in the retina

A

rods and cones

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14
Q

what are the supporting structures of the eye

A

-eyelids
-eyelashes
-lacrimal gland
-lacrimal ducts
-nasolacrimal duct

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15
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

drains tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity

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16
Q

conjunctiva

A

-transparent membrane that covers the insides of the eye
-produces water, clear mucus that traps foreign substances on the surface of the eye

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17
Q

sclera

A

-white opaque outer surface
-protects inner structures of the eye
-helps maintain shape
-changes into the cornea

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18
Q

cornea

A

-transparent layer
-allows light to enter the eye
-bends (refracts) the rays of light

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19
Q

choroid

A

supplies blood to the entire eye

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20
Q

iris

A

-center of the eye
-color is determined by genetics

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21
Q

rods and cones

A

contain photopigments capable of converting light energy into an electrical impulse that is transmitted to the brain for interpretation

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22
Q

rods

A

detect shades of gray at all levels of light

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23
Q

cones

A

detect color but operate only at high light levels

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24
Q

optic disck

A

-area in the retina where nerve fibers and blood vessels enter and exit
-has no rods or cones, blind spot
-location of the optic nerve

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25
Q

cranial nerve II

A

-optic nerve
-formed from nerve fibers in the eye
-carries impulses from the retina to areas of the brain responsible for processing visual information

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26
Q

eyelids and eyelases

A

protect eyes and prevent foreign substances from enetering

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27
Q

lacrimal glands

A

continuously secrete tears that travel through lacrimal ducts

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28
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

drains tears from lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity

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29
Q

aqueous humor

A

-clear, water fluid produced continuously by the ciliary body
-carries nutrients and O2 to the cornea and lens
-circulates through the posterior chamber, pupil, and anterior chamber

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30
Q

drains into the canal of schlemm

A

-circular channel around the iris
-absorbed into veins and taken away by the blood

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31
Q

vitreous humor

A

-clear, gel-like substance that helps maintain the shape of the eye
-fills the posterior cavity
-lies between the lens and back of they eye

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32
Q

posterior chamber

A

largest space in the eye

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33
Q

extraocular muscles

A

-control eye movement
-under voluntary control
-attached to the sclera by tendons

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34
Q

oculo/o, opthalm/o

A

eye

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35
Q

belphar/o

A

eyelid

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36
Q

opt/o

A

eye, vision

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37
Q

retin/o

A

retina

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38
Q

choroid/o

A

choroid

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39
Q

irid/o

A

iris

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40
Q

corne/o

A

cornea

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41
Q

dacry/o, lacrim/o

A

tear; lacrimal apparatus, duct, sac, or gland

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42
Q

dipl/o

A

double

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43
Q

kerat/o

A

horny tissue, hard, cornea

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44
Q

cor/o, core/o, pupill/o

A

pupil

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45
Q

-opia, -opsia

A

vision

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46
Q

-ptosis

A

prolapse, downward displacement

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47
Q

-acusis, -cusis

A

hearing

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48
Q

-tropia

A

turning

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49
Q

exo-

A

outside, outward

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50
Q

hyper-

A

excessive, above normal

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51
Q

kerat/o/meter

A

instrument for measuring (curvature of the) cornea

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52
Q

dacry/o/rrhea

A

discharge or flow from a lacrimal gland

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53
Q

intra/ocul/ar

A

pertaining to within the eye

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54
Q

irid/o/plegia

A

paralysis of the iris

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55
Q

belphar/o/ptosis

A

prolapse of the eyelid

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56
Q

retin/o/pathy

A

disease of the retina

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57
Q

conjunctiv/itis

A

-pink eye
-inflammation of the conjunctiva
-can by caused by bacteria, allergy, or a foreign body

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58
Q

exo/tropia

A

turning outward (of the eyes)

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59
Q

vitr/ectomy

A

excision of the vitreous body

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60
Q

scler/osis

A

abnormal condition of hardening

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61
Q

cataract

A

opacity or clouding of the lens or its surrounding membrane

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62
Q

phacoemulsification, intracapsular and extracapsular extraction

A

surgical methods to remove cataracts

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63
Q

IOL

A

intraocular lens, surgically implanted

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64
Q

strabismus

A

visual defect in which both eyes cannot be directed to focus simultaneously on the same object

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65
Q

two types of strabismus

A

estropia and extropia

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66
Q

diplopia

A

-main symptom of strabismus
-double vision

67
Q

estropia

A

-eye turns inward
-cross-eye

68
Q

extropia

A

-eye turns outward
-wall-eye

69
Q

glaucoma

A

accumulated fluid pressure within the eye damages the retina and optic nerve, often causing blindness

70
Q

IOP

A

intraocular pressure

71
Q

antiglaucoma

A

eyes frops to decrease aqueous humor production in the eyes

72
Q

macular degeneration

A

loss of central and near vision

73
Q

types of macular degeneration

A

-dry: slow and progressive loss
-wet: sudden onset

74
Q

macula

A

small area of the retina responsible for central and color vision

75
Q

hordeolum (stye)

A

inflammatory infection of sebaceous glands of the eyelid

76
Q

achromatopsia

A

-color blindness
-congenital deficiency in color perception

77
Q

astigmatism

A

defective curvature of the cornea and lens that causes light rays to focus unevenly over the retina rather than being focused on a single point, resulting in a distorted image

78
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

-occurs in people with diabetes
-manifested by small hemorrhages, edema, and formation of new vessels leading to scarring and eventual vision loss

79
Q

photophobia

A

unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light

80
Q

retinal detachment

A

separation of the retina from the choroid which disrupts vision and results in blindness if not repaired

81
Q

slit-lamp examination

A

eye evaluation that provides a 3D view of the eyes interior using a binocular microscope with a high-intensity light soucre

82
Q

tonometry

A

a small flat disk presses against the cornea of a short burst of air is directed at the cornea to measure IOP and can detect glaucoma

83
Q

visual acuity test

A

measured with a Snellen chart (letters)

84
Q

20/20

A

-normal vision
-patient can read at 20 ft what the normal eye can read at 20 ft

85
Q

20/70

A

-visual impairment

86
Q

20/200

A

legal blindness

87
Q

audiometer

A

instrument to measure hearing

88
Q

pupilloscopy

A

visual examination of the pupil

89
Q

tonometry

A

act of measuring tension

90
Q

retinits

A

inflammation of the retina

91
Q

opthalmoplegia

A

paralysis of the eye

92
Q

cataract surgery

A

excision of a lens affected by a cataract

93
Q

phacoemulsification

A

-excision of a lens by ultrasonic vibrations
-tiny particles (lens) are suctioned out of the eye

94
Q

LASIK

A

-use of an excimer laser to correct errors of refraction such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism
-reshapes the cornea and improves visual acuity

95
Q

laser photocoagulation

A

seals leaking or hemorrhaging retinal blood vessels associted with diabetic retinopathy

96
Q

belpharoplast

A

surgical repair of the eyelid

97
Q

iridectomy

A

excision of the iris

98
Q

miotics

A

-cause pupils to constrict
-increase outflow of eye fluids

99
Q

mydriatics

A

-cause pupils to dilate
-used to prepare eyes for internal examination

100
Q

what are the three main subdivisions of the ear?

A

external, middle, and inner

101
Q

external ear

A

-auricle
-external auditory canal
-produces cerumen

102
Q

middle ear

A

extends from tympanic membrane (eardrum) to oval window

103
Q

oval window

A

membrane-covered opening to inner ear

104
Q

what are the three ossicles

A

tiny bones
-malleus (hammer)
-inucs (anvil)
-stapes (stirrup)

105
Q

where are the ossicles

A

between the tympanic membrane and the oval window

106
Q

inner ear

A

series of fluid-filled passages known as the labyrinth

107
Q

cochlea

A

front portion of the labyrinth

108
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

rear portion of the labyrinth

109
Q

cerumen

A

-ear wax
-acts as a filter by trapping dust and other foreign substances preventing them from entering internal structures

110
Q

function and shape of auricles

A

-indented shape
-highly effective receivers of sound waves
-direct sound waves toward inner structures

111
Q

movement of sound waves through the middle ear

A

-travel through the auditory canal and strikes the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
-the tympanic membrane vibrates and moves the ossicles
-the stapes vibrates against the oval window

112
Q

organ of corti

A

-sensitive auditory area in the cochlea
-filled with tiny hair cells that relay sound waves to auditory nerve fibers

113
Q

cochlea

A

-snail-shaped portion of the labyrinth
-contains liquids for vibrations to travel through
-perilymph and endolymph

114
Q

how do sound waves reach the inner ear

A

the stapes vibrates against the oval window and transmits sound waves

115
Q

how do sound waves reach the brain

A

movement of the hair follicles in the organ of corti from the sound waves stimulates the auditory nerves which carry the electrical impulse to the brain

116
Q

ot/o

A

ear

117
Q

myring/o

A

tympanic membrane

118
Q

acous/o, audi/o, audit/o

A

hearing

119
Q

tympan/o

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

120
Q

salping/o

A

tubes (usually fallopian or eustachian/auditory tube)

121
Q

-acusis

A

hearing

122
Q

-opsia

A

vision

123
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing, stricture

124
Q

-tropia

A

turning

125
Q

ot/o/rrhea

A

discharge from the ear

126
Q

ot/o/laryng/o/list

A

specialist in the study of ear and throat (disorders)

127
Q

tympan/o/rrhexis

A

rupture of the eardrum

128
Q

ot/o/py/o/rrhea

A

discharge or flow of pus from the ear

129
Q

an/acusia, an/acusis

A

without or not hearing (deafness)

130
Q

ot/o/dynia, ot/algia

A

pain in the ear

131
Q

ot/itis

A

inflammation of the ear

132
Q

ot/o/scope

A

instrument to examine the ear(s)

133
Q

acoustic, auditory

A

pertaining to hearing

134
Q

labyrinth/o/tomy

A

incision of the labyrinth (inner ear)

135
Q

presby/cusis, presby/acusia

A

hearing (loss) resulting from old age

136
Q

audi/o/meter

A

instrument to measure hearing

137
Q

otitis media

A

accumulation of fluid within the structure of the middle ear, causes an earache

138
Q

myringoplasty and tympanoplasty

A

surgical procedures to repair a ruptured tympanic membrane as a result of severe otitis media

139
Q

pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes

A

surgically inserted into the tympanic membrane to equalize pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear for treatment of otitis media

140
Q

hearing loss

A

temporary or permanent loss of hearing that can vary with type and cause of impairment

141
Q

treatments for hearing loss

A

-medication to treat infections and dissolve cerumen
-stapedectomy, tympanoplasty, cochlear implant, and myringotomy
-hearing aids

142
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by an impairment in transmission of sound because of an obstruction of the ear canal or damage tot he eardrum or ossicles

143
Q

Meniere disease

A

rare disorder of unknown etiology within the labyrinth of the inner ear that can lead to progressive hearing loss

144
Q

otosclerosis

A

progressive deafness resulting from ossification in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear

145
Q

presbycusis

A

impairment of hearing that results from the aging process

146
Q

tinnitus

A

ringing or tinkling noise heard constantly or intermittently in one or both ears, even in a quiet environment

147
Q

vertigo

A

sensation of moving around in space or a feeling of dizziness or spinning

148
Q

tuning fork tests

A

evaluation of sound conduction using a vibrating tuning fork

149
Q

rinne test

A

-tuning fork test
-evaluates bone versus air conduction of sound

150
Q

weber test

A

-tuning fork test
-evaluates bone conduction in both ears at the same time
-hearing is normal when sound is heard equally in both ears

151
Q

audiometry

A

test that uses an audiometer and measures hearing acuity at various sound-wave frequencies

152
Q

audiometer

A

-delivers acoustic stimuli at different frequencies
-results are plotted on a graph called an audiogram

153
Q

otoscopy

A

visual examination of external auditory canal and tympanic membrane using an otoscope that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure

154
Q

audi/o/metry

A

act of measuring hearing

155
Q

tympan/o/plasty, myring/o/plasty

A

aurgical repair of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

156
Q

tympan/o/plasty, myring/o/plasty

A

aurgical repair of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

157
Q

ot/o/plasty

A

surgical repair of the ear

158
Q

ot/o/sclerosis

A

abnormal condition of ear hardening

159
Q

ear irrigation

A

flushing of the external ear canal with a low-pressure stream of sterile water or sterile saline to remove impacted cerumen or a foreign body

160
Q

myring/o/tomy

A

incision of the tympanic membrane followed by the insertion of a PE tube to treat chronic otitis media

161
Q

cochlear implants

A

an electrode is placed in the cochlea and delivers electrical stimuli directly to the auditory nerve

162
Q

vertigo and motion sickness drugs

A

-decrease sensitivity of inner ear to motion
-prevent nerve impulses from inner ear reaching the vomiting center of the brain

163
Q

wax emulsifiers

A

loosen and help remove impacted cerumen

Medical Vocab (14 decks)

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