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Medical Vocab > quiz 11 > Flashcards

quiz 11 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

central nervous system (cns)

A

brain, spinal cord, meninges

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system (pns)

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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3
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs that emerge from the brainstem and carry impulses between the brain and the neck

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4
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs that emerge from the spinal cord and carry messages between the spinal cord and the chest, abdomen, and extremities

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5
Q

neurons

A

basic structural and functional units of the nervous system

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6
Q

neuroglia

A

perform functions of support and protection, do not transmit electrical impulses

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7
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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9
Q

gli/o

A

glue, neurological tissue

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10
Q

mening/o, meningi/o

A

meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)

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11
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord

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12
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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13
Q

-paresis

A

partial paralysis

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14
Q

-phasia

A

speech

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15
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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16
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

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17
Q

spinal cord injury resulting in paralysis

A

usually consequence of fracture or dislocation, or both, of the vertebral column

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18
Q

parapelgia

A

loss of motor and sensory functions in the legs and trunk

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19
Q

complete spinal cord injury

A

no feeling or function beneath the injury

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20
Q

incomplete spinal cord injury

A

some feeling and function remain beneath the injury

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21
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk

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22
Q

spina bifida

A

developmental defects of the first trimester of pregnancy, characterized by incomplete closure of the bones encasing the spinal cord

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23
Q

spina bifida occulata

A

-incomplete closure of one or more vertebrae without protrusion of spinal cord or meninges
-most common and least sever spinal cord defect
-spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin

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24
Q

meningocele

A

form of spina bifida cystica where the sac contains only meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

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25
Q

meningomyelocele

A

form of spina bifida cystica where the sac contains meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord

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26
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

protrusion of the meninges and or the spinal cord

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27
Q

stroke

A

insufficient supply of oxygenated blood tot he brain due to a clot or ruptured blood vessel that causes brain tissue to die

28
Q

ischemic stroke

A

-blood supply to brain is block or significantly slowed
-caused by a thrombus when an occlusion builds up in an artery, usually as a result of atherosclerosis and most commonly in the internal or carotid arteries

29
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

caused by a ruptured cerebral vessel that allows blood to escape into brain tissue

30
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage

A

-occurs in the deeper tissues of the brain
-usually is caused by uncontrolled hypertension

31
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

-occurs on the surface of the brain
-commonly caused by a ruptured cerebral aneurysm

32
Q

transient ischemic attack (tia)

A

mild, strokelike symptoms

33
Q

dys/phasia

A

speech impariment

34
Q

hemi/paresis

A

weakness in the leg

35
Q

dys/phagia

A

difficulty eating and swallowing

36
Q

alzheimer disease

A

neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles instead of normal orderly arrangements develop in the brain and cause a deficiency of function of neurotransmitters

37
Q

alzheimer’s stage 1

A

increasing forgetfulness

38
Q

alzheimer’s stage 2

A

progressive cognitive deterioration causes difficulty doing simple calculations or answering questions

39
Q

alzheimer’s stage 3

A

progression to complete dependency
-ability to recognize others is lost
-death occurs from complications of immobility

40
Q

dementia

A

becoming forgetful and withdrawing from social interactions, loses track of time and forgets to eat meals

41
Q

cognition

A

the ability to think
includes attention, memory, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and decision making

42
Q

craniotomy

A

incision of the skull to gain access to the brain during neurological procedures

43
Q

epilepsy

A

disorder affecting the cns that is characterized by recurrent seizures

44
Q

hydrocephalus

A

cranial enlargement caused by accumulation of fluid within the ventricles of the brain

45
Q

neuritic plaques

A

accumulations of stick substance made of amyloid protein found in the gray matter of the brain that are frequently characteristic of alzheimer disease

46
Q

sciatica

A

sever pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to the foot

47
Q

lumbar puncture

A

-needle puncture of spinal cavity to withdraw a sample of cerebrospinal fluid
-used for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological laboratory analysis

48
Q

electroencephalography (eeg)

A

-recording and analysis of electrical activity of the brain
-helpful in studying epilepsy and convulsive disorders and locating lesions in the cerebrum

49
Q

electromyography (emg)

A

-recording and analysis of electrical activity of selected muscle groups while at rest and during voluntary contraction
-determines whether muscle weakness is caused by a muscular disease or nerve damage

50
Q

positron emission tomograph (pet)

A

-imaging procedure that records metabolic activity
-use of a tracer that emits positively charged molecules

51
Q

computed tomography (ct) scan

A

-use of computer to generate three-dimensional images
-effective in diagnosing disorders of the brain and spinal cord

52
Q

cerebr/o/spinal

A

pertaining to the cerebrum and spine

53
Q

crani/o/tomy

A

incision of the cranium (skull)

54
Q

neur/o/tripsy

A

crushing a nerve

55
Q

mening/o/myel/o/cele

A

hernia(tion) of meninges and spinal cord

56
Q

poli/o/myel/itis

A

inflammation of gray matter of spinal cord

57
Q

neur/o/blast/oma

A

tumor of nerve, embryonic cell

58
Q

hydr/o/cephalus

A

condition of water in the head

59
Q

neur/o/lysis

A

separation, destruction, or loosening of a nerve

60
Q

thalamotomy

A

-partial destruction of the thalamus portion of the brain
-used as a treatment for psychosis and intractable pain

61
Q

trephination

A

-excision of a circular disk of bone using a specialized saw called a trephine
-reveals brain tissue for neurosurgery
-used to relieve icp

62
Q

trephine

A

specialized saw that can excise a circular disk of bone

63
Q

anesthetics

A

-produce partial or complete loss of sensation, with or without loss of consciousness
-general act on brain to produce complete loss of consciousness
-local act on nerves or nerve tracts to affect a local area only

64
Q

anticonvulsants or antiepileptics

A

prevent or reduce severity of epileptic or other convulsive seizures

65
Q

antiparkinsonian agents

A

control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with parkinson disease by increasing dopamine levels in the brain

66
Q

antipsychotics

A

alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia

Medical Vocab (14 decks)

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