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ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) > Q#3 - CELLS PT.2 & PT. 3 > Flashcards

Q#3 - CELLS PT.2 & PT. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

This cell part is composed mainly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and PROTEINS, allowing certain material to move across them.

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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2
Q

The quality of the cell membrane allowing certain material to move across them is called?

A

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

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3
Q

The _____________ model is based on the knowledge of the _____________.

A

FLUID-MOSAIC; CELL MEMBRANE

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4
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane? Enumerate the SIX (6).

A
  1. Regulate the movement of material
  2. Separate the inside of the cell from the outside
  3. Separate various organelles within the cell
  4. Provide a large surface area
  5. Are a site for receptors
  6. Separate cells from one another
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5
Q

Cell membranes contain zones called?

A

LIPID RAFTS

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6
Q

Cell membranes are heavily enriched in _______________.

A

CHOLESTEROL

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7
Q

Some molecules use their own energy to move.

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

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8
Q

Passive transport is the transportation from an area of _________ concentration to an area of _________ concentration.

A

HIGHER; LOWER

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9
Q

Give the THREE (3) examples of PASSIVE TRANSPORT.

A

1) SIMPLE DIFFUSION
2) FACILITATED DIFFUSION
3) OSMOSIS AND FILTRATION

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10
Q

This is the NET MOVEMENT of molecules or ions from a region of HIGHER CONCENTRATION to a region of LOWER CONCENTRATION.

A

DIFFUSION

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11
Q

What is the driving force of diffusion?

A

DIFFERENCE IN THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

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12
Q

What are the factors affecting DIFFUSION RATES? Cite the FIVE (5).

A

1) SIZE
2) TEMPERATURE
3) STEEPNESS OF THE CONCENTRATION
4) CHARGE
5) PRESSURE

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13
Q

What do you call the movement across CELL MEMBRANES?

A

OSMOSIS

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14
Q

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of HIGHER WATER CONCENTRATION to an area of LOWER CONCENTRATION is?

A

OSMOSIS

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15
Q

Osmosis is just a special type of diffusion, not a _______ method.

A

DIFFERENT

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16
Q

Net diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane between two fluids

A

OSMOSIS

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

EFFECT OF SALT CONCENTRATION ON ANIMAL CELL VOLUMES

  • Equivalent solute concentration
A

ISOTONIC

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19
Q

EFFECT OF SALT CONCENTRATION ON ANIMAL CELL VOLUMES

  • Concentrated solutes outside.
A

HYPERTONIC (on the outside)

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20
Q

EFFECT OF SALT CONCENTRATION ON ANIMAL CELL VOLUMES

  • Dilute solutes outside
A

HYPOTONIC (on the outside)

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21
Q

What happens to cells in an ISOTONIC solution?

A

NOTHING/NORMAL

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22
Q

What happens to cells in a HYPERTONIC solution?

A

SHRIVELED

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23
Q

What happens to cells in a HYPOTONIC solution?

A

CELLS SWELL AND EVENTUALLY BURST

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24
Q

This transport across membranes REQUIRES energy from the cell to move substances from LOWER concentration to HIGHER concentration areas.

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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25
Q

This movement require ATP energy.

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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26
Q

There are how many types of carrier proteins?

A

THREE (3)

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27
Q

Cite the ADDITIONAL PROCESSES that move molecules across membranes in bulk.

A

1) ENDOCYTOSIS
- Pinocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis
2) EXOCYTOSIS

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28
Q

What does LDL mean?

A

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

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29
Q

Is LDL good or bod cholesterol?

A

BAD CHOLESTEROL

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30
Q

Cholesterol travels in the ________ along with LDLs.

A

BLOOD

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31
Q

LDL act as _______(molecules that specifically bind with receptor proteins)

A

LIGANDS

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32
Q

LDLs gain entrance to the cell through?

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

33
Q

Is a disorder known for an excess of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in your blood

A

Hypercholesterolemia

34
Q

Build up of cholesterol results in early ________.

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

35
Q

EXOCYTOSIS

Means by which __________, _________________ and ______________ are secreted in animal cells

A

HORMONES, NEUROTRANSMITTERS; DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

36
Q

_________________ have protein-based hormones including the neurotransmitter _______________, which is a natural painkiller that is released when we are stressed (Rose Lynn-Fisher 2013)

A

EMOTIONAL TEARS; LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN

37
Q

This is the information center of the cell. - - It contains DNA.
- Control and information center
- Directs chemical reactions
- Stores genetic information

38
Q

Part of the nucleus contains many pores that allow material to enter and leave the nucleus.

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

39
Q

The nucleus is a____________ point for ribosomes.

A

PRE-ASSEMBLY

40
Q

The _______________ in the nucleus have DNA organized into genes which are specific DNA sequences that control and regulate cell activities.

A

CHROMOSOMES

41
Q

______________ ______________ synthesize proteins that will function in the cytosol.

A

FREE FLOATING RIBOSOMES

42
Q

Ribosomes attached to the ______________ synthesize proteins that function inside of organelles or outside of the cell.

43
Q

What are the TWO (2) parts of the CYTOPLASM?

A

1) The cytomembrane system
2. The aqueous part consists of the FLUID CYTOSOL

44
Q

The cytomembrane system consists of the?

A
  • ER
  • GOLGI APPARATUS
  • VACUOLES
  • VESICLES
45
Q

What organelle belonging to the CYTOMEMBRANE or ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM contains:

  • a series of channels that transports proteins
  • also stores enzymes and proteins
  • a site of ribosome attachment
A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

46
Q

What organelle belonging to the CYTOMEMBRANE or ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM contains:

  • Aids in the synthesis and secretion of GLYCOPROTEINS.
  • Aids in processing and modifying other materials (e.g., enzymes)
A

GOLGI APPARATUS

47
Q

The nucleus contains _______, which specifies the “recipe” for the proteins. It also contains the _______, which synthesizes ribosomes.

A

DNA; NUCLEOLUS

48
Q

This is the copy of the genetic information and carries the “recipe” for making proteins.

49
Q

This is a stack of membrane sacs that acts as a “processing center”

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

50
Q

Endomembrane System: ______________ & ______________

A

PROTEIN PRODUCTION & LOCALIZATION

51
Q

Proteins that will be _______ move from ribosomes into the ______, where they are modified and folded into their exact _____ shape.

A

SECRETED; rER; 3D

52
Q

In the rER of _____________, insulin are synthesized and secreted into the bloodstream.

A

PANCREATIC CELLS

53
Q

___________ is important in the synthesis of lipids, the metabolism of carbohydrates, and the detoxification of drugs and poisons.

54
Q

These are also produced in the cell’s Smooth ER.

A

SEX HORMONES

55
Q

Detoxification in _____________involved adding ______________ to drug molecules making them more soluble and easy to flush out of the body.

A

LIVER CELLS; HYDROXYL GROUP

56
Q

Increasing the amount of toxins or drugs also increases the __________ of the Smooth ERs. Thus ultimately, increasing the tolerance of the cell and therefore, an increase in the dosage or amount that is taken in.

A

PROLIFERATION

57
Q

In cellular digestion, what organelle is present?

58
Q

Lysosomes contain ___________ enzymes.

A

HYDROLYTIC

59
Q

Some transport vesicles leaving the Golgi carry enzymes that ___________ ____________ reactions.

A

CATALIZE; HYDROLYSIS

60
Q

This is where cellular digestion of LARGE MOLECULES occurs.

61
Q

Plant cells have large _____________.

A

CENTRAL VACUOLES

62
Q

These are membrane-bound sacs that store many materials.

A

VESICLES; VACUOLES

63
Q

Plant cells often have ______ large central vacuole. This fills with _______, making the cell rigid.

A

ONE; WATER

64
Q

Plant cells lack _________. Digestion occurs in a large central vacuole.

65
Q

Cellular respiration takes place inside the?

A

MITOCHONDRIA

66
Q

These are the power plants of the cell that converts chemical energy stored in food into smaller molecules for the cell to use.

A

MITOCHONDRIA

67
Q

Mitochondria have ______ membranes, _______ and ______. The _____ membrane is folded up to increase the amount of surface area to do chemical reactions.

A

TWO; INNER; OUTER

68
Q

These organelles harvest energy from light.

A

CHLOROPLASTS

69
Q

Eukaryotes that carry out PHOTOSYNTHESIS include ______ and some ______.

A

PLANTS; PROTISTS

70
Q

Plants and some protists have _______ - organelles that convert energy from sunlight into energy stored in sugar molecules.

A

CHLOROPLASTS

71
Q

Carbohydrates made in chloroplasts travels to the ______, which extracts the energy to use for cellular processes.

A

MITOCHONDRIA

72
Q

A _______________ supports eukaryotic cells.

A

CYTOSKELETON

73
Q

This is a network of protein filaments that give the cell shape.

A

CYTOSKELETON

74
Q

The cytoskeleton can also help ____________ materials across the cell.

75
Q

These are parts of the cytoskeleton that help move chromosomes during cell division.

A

CENTRIOLES

76
Q

What are the several functions of the CYTOSKELETON?

A

1) Structural support
2) Aids in cell transport
3) Organelle transport
4) Cell movement

77
Q

Microtubules make up structures called _____ and _____ that protrude out from
cells.

A

CILIA; FLAGELLA

78
Q

___________ need cilia to push particles like dust out of the respiratory tract.

A

AIRWAY CELLS

79
Q

Sperm cells use _______ to swim.

ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) (12 decks)

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