Finals - DIVERSITY OF ANIMALS Flashcards
This is evolutionary history of species or a group of related species.
PHYLOGENY
This discipline classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships.
SYSTEMATICS
These scientists use __________, ___________, and ___________ data to infer evolutionary relationships.
SYSTEMATISTS; FOSSILS; MOLECULAR; GENETIC
This is the organized division and naming of organisms.
TAXONOMY
When did Carolus Linnaeus publish a system of taxonomy?
18TH CENTURY
Where did Carolus Linnaeus base his system of taxonomy?
RESEMBLANCES
In the 18th Century, this scientist published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances.
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Two key features of the system of taxonomy remain useful today; _____-part names for __________ and __________ __________. What is this naming system called?
TWO; SPECIES; HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION; BINOMIAL NOMECLATURE
The two-part scientific name of a species is called a?
BINOMIAL
The first part of the name is the ________.
GENUS
The second part, called the ________ _________, is unique for each species within the genus.
SPECIFIC EPITHET
The first letter of the genus is _________, and the entire species name is __________.
CAPITALIZED; ITALICIZED
Both parts together name the species (not the _______ ________ alone)
SPECIFIC EPITHET
This is introduced by Linnaeus as a system for grouping species in increasingly broad categories.
HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
State the taxonomic groups from BROAD to NARROW.
D - DOMAIN
K - KINGDOM
P - PHYLUM
C - CLASS
O - ORDER
F - FAMILY
G - GENUS
S - SPECIES
A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy is called a?
TAXON
Give the HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION of a TIGER.
DOMAIN - EUKARYA
KINGDOM - ANIMALIA
PHYLUM - CHORDATA
CLASS - MAMMALIA
ORDER - CARNIVORA
FAMILY - FELIDAE
GENUS - PANTHERA
SPECIES - PANTHERA PARDUS
A group of organisms at a particular level in a classification system is called a? and what in plural?
TAXON; TAXA
This is the branch of BIOLOGY that IDENTIFIES and NAMES organisms.
TAXONOMY
Organisms are names using ________ in such a way that no two have the same name.
LATIN
What was the reason for using Latin in naming organisms?
So no two have the same name as using common names can be misleading.
By convention, what does the BINOMIAL NAME CONSIST OF?
GENUS - first word; always capitalized
SPECIES - second word; refers to the species and is not capitalized
Who and when: defined species as a group of individuals that can BREED with one another and produce FERTILE offspring.
JOHN RAY (about 1700)
This is a group of individuals that can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring.
SPECIES
Supplemental Question:
Breeding a HORSE with a DONKEY produces a MULE - a sterile offspring. Is it considered a species?
NO, MULES ARE HYBRIDS.
The designation of ________ have changed over the years.
KINGDOMS
Originally, how many known kingdoms were there and what were they?
TWO; KINGDOM ANIMALIA & KINGDOM PLANTAE
Indeed, a taxonomic level higher than kingdom has been recognized, what is this?
DOMAIN
Supplemental Question:
Who introduced the taxonomic level DOMAIN and when did they introduce it?
CARL WOESE, OTTO KANDLER, MARK WHEELIS (1990)
What are three (3) domains?
1) BACTERIA
2) ARCHAEA
3) EUKARYA
Who made a TWO-KINGDOM SYSTEM (PLANTAE & ANIMALIA)?
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Who made a FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM (ANIMALIA, PLANTAE, PROTISTA, FUNGI, MONERA)?
ROBERT WHITTAKER
Who made a SIX-KINGDOM SYSTEM (BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, PROTISTA, FUNGI, PLANTAE, & ANIMALIA)?
CARL WOESE
Who made a THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM (BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, EUKARYA)?
CARL WOESE
Under DOMAIN EUKARYA, give 3 examples of KINGDOMS under it.
1) ANIMALIA
2) FUNGI
3) PLANTAE
Supplemental Question:
- Means “hidden fungi”
- A newly-discovered group of fungi that was first identified in 2017. They are considered
CRYPTOMYCOTA
Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching _________ _________.
PHYLOGENETIC TREES
_____________ classification and ________ can differ from each other.
LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION & PHYLOGENY
Proposed by SYSTEMATISTS, which recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendants.
PHYLOCODE
Supplemental Question:
- a set of principles, rules, and recommendations governing phylogenetic nomenclature, a system for naming taxa by explicit reference to phylogeny.
- it was introduced as an alternative to the traditional Linnaean system of taxonomy, which classifies organisms based on shared physical traits and hierarchical ranks like kingdom, phylum, class, order, etc.
PHYLOCODE
A __________ _________ represents a HYPOTHESIS about evolutionary relationships.
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
In a phylogenetic tree, each ____________ represent the DIVERGENCE OF TWO SPECIES.
BRANCH POINT
In a phylogenetic tree, what does each BRANCH POINT represent?
DIVERGENCE OF TWO SPECIES
In a phylogenetic tree, these are groups that SHARE an immediate common ancestor.
SISTER TAXA
In a phylogenetic tree, what does “SISTER TAXA” mean?
GROUPS THAT SHARE AN IMMEDIATE COMMON ANCESTOR
In a phylogenetic tree, a ________ tree includes a branch to present the last common ancestor of all taxa in a tree.
ROOTED TREE
In a phylogenetic tree, what does does a “ROOTED TREE” include?
A BRANCH TO PREPRESENT THE LAST COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL TAXA IN THE TREE.
In a phylogenetic tree, this is branch from which more than two groups emerge.
POLYTOMY
In a phylogenetic tree, what is “POLYTOMY”?
A BRANCH FROM WHICH MORE THAN TWO GROUPS EMERGE
What We Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees
1) Phylogenetic trees ______ show patterns of descent.
2) Phylogenetic trees _________ indicate when species evolved or how much genetic change occurred in a lineage.
3) It __________ be assumed that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it.
1) DO
2) DO NOT
3) SHOULDN’T
TRUE OR FALSE
- Phylogenetic Trees do not show patterns of descent.
FALSE, DO
TRUE OR FALSE
- Phylogenetic Trees do indicate when species evolved or how much genetic change occurred in a lineage.
FALSE, DO NOT
TRUE OR FALSE
- It is SAFE to assume that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it in a phylogenetic tree.
FALSE, SHOULDN’T
Where are PHYLOGENIES inferred from?
MORPHOLOGCAL AND MOLECULAR DATA
Supplemental Question:
These are diagrams that represent the evolutionary relationships among species or groups of organism, often depicted as branching trees.
PHYLOGENIES
Supplemental Question:
Phylogenies are inferred using data from both _____________ (physical traits) and ___________ (genetic) sources.
MORPHOLOGICAL & MOLECULAR
Supplemental Question:
What It Is: This refers to the physical traits and structures of organisms, such as body shape, size, skeletal features, and other observable characteristics.
How It’s Used: By comparing these traits across different species, scientists can hypothesize how these species might be related. Similarities in structure suggest common ancestry, while differences indicate evolutionary divergence.
Example: The presence of a backbone in animals might be used to group vertebrates together, while differences in the number of limbs or the shape of bones can help refine the relationships within that group.
MORPHOLOGICAL DATA
Supplemental Question:
What It Is: This refers to genetic information, such as DNA, RNA, or protein sequences. The molecular data helps scientists compare genetic similarities and differences at the molecular level.
How It’s Used: By comparing the DNA or protein sequences of different organisms, scientists can estimate how closely related they are. The more similar the sequences, the more recent their common ancestor is likely to be.
Example: Comparing the genetic sequence of a gene that is present in both humans and chimpanzees would show high similarity, supporting the idea that they share a recent common ancestor.
MOLECULAR DATA
Supplemental Question:
This is a method used in biology to classify organisms based on their shared evolutionary history. It is rooted in the concept of _________, which are groups of organisms that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
CLADISTICS; CLADES
Supplemental Question:
- A group consisting of a single ancestor and all of its descendants.
- Can include a wide range of organisms that share common characteristics due to their evolutionary origin.
Example: Mammalia includes all mammals, from humans to whales, because they all share a common ancestor with specific mammalian traits, like hair and live birth.
CLADE
Supplemental Question:
Cladistics aims to construct a phylogenetic tree (or __________) that represents these evolutionary relationships.
CLADOGRAM
To infer phylogenies, systematists gather information about ____________, __________, and __________ of living organisms
MORPHOLOGIES; GENES; BIOCHEMISTRY
Organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences are _______ to be more closely related than organisms with different structures or sequences.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES; LIKELY
Supplemental Questions:
Refer to similarities in the physical traits (morphologies) or genetic sequences of organisms that are inherited from a common ancestor. These similarities are key indicators of evolutionary relationships, helping scientists determine how closely related different species are.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES
Supplemental Question:
- What It Is: This refers to similarities in the physical structures or traits of organisms, such as bones, organs, or body parts.
- How It Works: Organisms that share similar morphological features are often considered to have inherited these traits from a common ancestor. These structures may serve similar functions or may be modified versions of the same structure in different species.
MORPHOLOGICAL HOMOLOGY
Supplemental Question:
- What It Is: This refers to similarities in the DNA, RNA, or protein sequences of organisms. Just as similar morphological traits can suggest a common ancestor, so too can shared genetic sequences.
- How It Works: Organisms that are closely related will have more similar DNA sequences or protein structures because they share a more recent common ancestor.
MOLECULAR HOMOLOGY
Supplemental Question:
Refers to the similarity between two or more biological traits (such as genes, proteins, or anatomical structures) due to shared ancestry. In other words, if two organisms have similar characteristics because they inherited them from a common ancestor, those characteristics are said to be homologous.
HOMOLOGY
When constructing a phylogeny, systematists need to distinguish whether a similarity is the result of _________ or __________.
HOMOLOGY; ANALOGY
This is the similarity due to shared ancestry.
HOMOLOGY
This is the similarity due to convergent evolution.
ANALOGY
Supplemental Question:
Process by which unrelated or distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits or features, often as a result of adapting to similar environmental pressures or ecological niches.
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
The similarity between organisms due to shared ancestry, and it is a key piece of evidence for constructing phylogenies.
HOMOLOGY
The similarity due to convergent evolution, where unrelated organisms evolve similar traits independently in response to similar environmental pressures.
ANALOGY
Occurs when similar
environmental pressures and natural selection
produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages.
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
What is the motto of “CONVERGENT EVOLUTION”?
“MANY PATHS TO ONE GOAL”
What is an animal?
Animals all have a specific set of features in common:
- They are __________ with ____________ cells that lack ____________.
MULTICELLULAR; EUKARYOTIC; CELL WALLS
What is an animal?
Animals all have a specific set of features in common:
- They are ____________, eating food by ingestion.
HETEROTROPHIC
What is an animal?
Animals all have a specific set of features in common:
- They go through ___________ of development.
BLASTULA STAGE
What is an animal?
Animals all have a specific set of features in common:
- Their cells produce an __________ ___________.
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
What are the specific features of animals?
- They are multicellular with eukaryotic cells that lack cell walls.
- They are heterotrophic, eating food by ingestion.
- They go through a blastula stage of development.
- Their cells produce an extracellular matrix.
Supplemental Question:
This is an early phase in the development of animals that occurs after a fertilized egg (zygote) divides repeatedly in a process called cleavage. During this stage, the embryo forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula, which contains a fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoel.
BLASTULA STAGE
Supplemental Question:
This is a critical feature in animals because it plays a central role in maintaining the structure, support, and communication within and between cells in multicellular organisms.
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
Animals are extremely __________.
DIVERSE
Animals live almost everywhere. There are over ___________ known animal species.
1.3 MILLION
Animals vary greatly in ______, _______, ________, and _________.
SIZE; HABITAT; BODY FORM; INTELLIGENCE
An example of an animal without true tissues.
SPONGES
All other animals are classified based on development. What are these classifications?
- ANIMALS WITH TWO GERM LAYERS
- PROTOSTOME ANIMALS WITH THREE GERM LAYERS
- DEUTEROSTOME ANIMALS WITH THREE GERM LAYERS
What are examples of PROTOSTOME ANIMALS WITH THREE GERM LAYERS?
1) FLATWORMS
2) MOLLUSKS
3) ANNELIDS
4) ROUNDWORMS
5) ARTHROPODS
What are examples of DEUTEROSTOME ANIMALS WITH THREE GERM LAYERS?
1) ECHINODERMS
2) CHORDATES
Where did animal life begin?
WATER
The first animals arose about ______ million years ago. They probably resembled ______ ______ called ________________.
570 MILLION YEARS AGO; AQUATIC PROTISTS; CHOANOFLAGELLATES
Early animals lived in the _____.
SEA
These are the earliest fossil animals from the PRECAMBRIAN EON. They died out about 544 MYA and left no known modern descendants.
EDIACARANS
What eon were the Ediacaran fossils from?
PRECAMBRIAN EON
How long ago did the EDIACARANS died out?
544 MYA
Are there any known descendants of Ediacarans?
NONE
Most living animals originated in the _________ period - including ______, ______, _______, and _______, and types of ________.
CAMBRIAN PERIOD
1) SPONGES
2) JELLYFISHES
3) ARTHROPODS
4) MOLLUSKS
5) WORMS
Animals share similarities because they evolved from a ___________ with those feature. The ______ animal phyla are grouped based on share features of _______, ________, and DNA.
COMMON ANCESTOR; NINE(9); MORPHOLOGY; DEVELOPMENT
The animal ancestor, or _________, had a toolkit of genes that evolved to give the diversity of animal forms seen today.
URMETAZOAN
What are the four tools in the toolkit of genes of the animal ancestor or urmetazoan?
1) BODY-PLAN GENES
2) SPECIALIZED CELL TYPES
3) CELLS “GLUED” TOGETHER
4) COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
The first branching point distinguishes animals with ___________ from animals with _________.
TRUE BODY TISSUES; NO TRUE BODY TISSUES
Animals are classified by ________ ________.
BODY SYMMETRY
Some animals have NO SYMMETRY; other have ______ and still others, ______ symmetry.
RADIAL; BILATERAL
Supplemental Question:
An animal has _________ symmetry if it can be divided into two mirror-image halves along a single plane (the sagittal plane).
1) DISTINCT SIDES; LEFT & RIGHT; FRONT & BACK
2) CEPHALIZATION (HEAD WITH BRAIN AND SENSORY ORGANS)
3) ACTIVE; DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT
BILATERAL
Supplemental Question:
An animal has ____________ symmetry if it can be divided into similar halves through multiple planes passing through a central axis.
1) NO LEFT & RIGHT
2) STATIONARY OR SLOW MOVEMENT
3) ADAPTED TO PASSIVE FEEDING
RADIAL
____________ symmetric animals have ___________, meaning their bodies have a head and tail end.
BILATERALLY; CEPHALIZATION
Animals are classified by ____________ development.
GERM LAYER DEVELOPMENT
Early in development, animals undergo a process called ________.
GASTRULATION
Supplemental Question:
This is a crucial process during early embryonic development in animals. It follows the blastula stage and involves the transformation of the simple hollow ball of cells (blastula) into a more complex, layered structure called the gastrula. This process establishes the basic body plan and creates the germ layers that will eventually give rise to all tissues and organs in the body.
GASTRULATION
In some animals, the gastrula only develops _______ ___________ (_________&________). In others, a _______________ (___________) develops.
TWO TISSUE LATERS; ENDODERM & ECTODERM; THIRD TISSUE LAYER; MESODERM
Stages in Reproduction & Development; Growth & Specialization
In the__________ ________, growth and tissue specialization, organs enlarge and develop specialized properties.
FINAL STAGE
In the final stage of reproduction and development, _________ and _________ __________, organs __________ and develop _________ _________. This stage usually continues until ______ _________.
GROWTH & TISSUE SPECIALIZATION; ENLARGE; SPECIALIZED PROPERTIES; EARLY ADULTHOOD
Animals are classified by MOUTH DEVELOPMENT
In ________, the gastrula’s first indentation develops into the ________, and the _________ develops from the second opening. In __________, it is reverse.
PROTOSOMES; MOUTH; ANUS; DEUTEROSOMES
In protostomes, which develops in the first indentation?
MOUTH
In protostomes, which develops in the second opening?
ANUS
Animals are classified by BODY CAVITY
A _________ is a body cavity surrounded on all side by mesoderm.
COELOM
Bilaterally symmetrical animals have different types of _________. The fluid of this cavity ________ body organs and enables them to ______ as the animal bends and moves.
COELOMS; CUSHIONS; SHIFT
Animals are classified by DIGESTIVE TRACT
Animals have an __________ _____________ if the mouth both takes in food and ejects waste.
INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT
Animals are classified by DIGESTIVE TRACT
Animals have a ________________ ___________ if food passes in one direction from mouth to anus.
COMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT
Animals are classified by SEGMENTATION
Some animals’ bodies are ___________ - divided into repeated parts.
SEGMENTED
Adds to the body’s flexibility and increases the potential for the development of specialized body parts.
SEGMENTATION
These are simple animals.
SPONGES (PORIFERA)
These are aquatic and sessile (anchored to a surface). They do not have true tissues.
SPONGES (PORIFERA)
They have hollow bodies that are either asymmetric or radially symmetric.
SPONGES (PORIFERA)
Sponges are ______ ________ & _________.
FILTER FEEDERS; HERMAPHRODITES
Water moves into a sponge’s body through ______ in its sides, then out through a _________ at the top.
This allows the sponge to _______ food and ________ waste.
PORES; HOLE; TRAP; ELIMINATE
Reproduction in sponges can be _________ (_________) or __________.
Sperm are released into the water and fertilize eggs retained in the body of the sponge.
ASEXUAL (BY BUDDING); SEXUAL
These are the simplest animals with TRUE TISSUES.
CNIDARIANS
These are aquatic and radially symmetric. They have specialized cells that they use to sting other animals.
CNIDARIANS
They have radial symmetry, two germ layers, stinging cells
CNIDARIANS
There are four (4) group of Cnidarians, state them.
1) JELLYFISH
2) HYDRA
3) CORAL
4) SEA ANEMONES
Cnidarians have an ___________ digestive tract and __________ tissue layers.
- One end of the body has an opening, the mouth, which is surrounded by ___________________.
INCOMPLETE; TWO; RING OF TENTACLES
Cnidarians transition between a __________ __________ from and a ____________ medusa.
SESSILE POLYP; FREE-SWIMMING MEDUSA
This specific type of Cnidarians are the basis of crucial ocean ecosystems.
CORAL CNIDARIANS
Corals secrete _______ _______ _________ that accumulate to build magnificent coral reefs, which are home to many different animals.
CALCIUM CARBONATE EXOSKELETONS
Coral reefs protect ________ from ___________. The calcium carbonate in the reefs plays an important role in the ________ ________.
COASTLINES; EROSION; CARBON CYCLE
These are simple protostomes.
FLATWORMS (PLATYHELMINTHES)
What phylum is flatworms under?
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
These are bilaterally symmetric, with three germ layers.
FLATWORMS
What are the three (3) groups of FLATWORMS?
1)PLANARIANS
2) FLUKES
3) TAPEWORMS
These animals have flattened body with no coelom.
FLATWORMS
The ______ body shape of flatworms increases surface area and allows for efficient _____ _______ in the absence of a coelom and specialized respiratory or circulatory system.
FLAT; GAS EXCHANGE
These are free-living flatworms.
PLANARIANS
In planarians, a feeding structure called a _________ brings food into the body and excretes undigested food.
PHARYNX
In planarians, a ________ and ________ make up the nervous system. It can sense touch, chemicals, and light.
BRAIN; NERVE CORDS
These are soft-unsegmented protostomes.
MOLLUSKS
These are a large, diverse phylum with a true coelom.
MOLLUSKS
A mollusk features:
- A _________ that secretes the shell.
- A __________ ______ used for locomotion.
- A _____ _______ where organs are found.
- A _______ for feeding.
1) MANTLE
2) MUSCULAR FOOT
3) VISCERAL MASS
4) RADULA
What does the mantle of a mollusk secrete?
SHELL
What does the muscular foot serve for in mollusks?
LOCOMOTION
Where are the organs found in a mollusk?
VISCERAL MASS
What does the mollusk use for feeding?
RADULA
Mollusks are a DIVERSE GROUP
These mollusks have eight (8) overlapping shells.
CHITON
Mollusks are a DIVERSE GROUP
These mollusks have hinged shells.
BIVALVES
Mollusks are a DIVERSE GROUP
These mollusks have spiral shells.
GASTROPOD
Mollusks are a DIVERSE GROUP
These mollusks have internal or absent shells.
CEPHALOPODS
Mollusks have MULTIPLE ORGAN SYSTEMS
The ____ _____ houses organs that make up the __________, ____________, _____________, __________ and __________ systems.
VISCERAL MASS
1) RESPIRATORY
2) EXCRETORY
3) NERVOUS
4) REPRODUCTIVE
5) CIRCULATORY
These are segmented worms.
ANNELIDS
These are characterized by body segments, a true coelom, and a complete digestive tract.
ANNELIDS
These annelids are terrestrial.
1) EARTHWORMS
2) LEECHES
These are annelids that live in water.
POLYCHAETES
Many ecosystems depend on EARTHWORMS
Earthworms ______ and _______ soil. They are more complex than they look and have a number of organ systems.
AERATE; FERTILIZE
These organisms have:
- Complete digestive tract.
- Closed circulatory system with aortic arches.
- Nervous system that includes a brain and ventral nerve cord.
- Excretory organs in each body segment.
- A saddle like thickening area that holds eggs in a specialized cocoon
EARTHWORMS
EARTHWORMS
- ___________ digestive tract.
- ___________ circulatory system with ______ _________.
- Nervous system that includes a __________ and ________ ________ _______.
- ___________ organs in each body segment.
- A saddle like thickening area that holds eggs in a specialized ___________.
- COMPLETE
- CLOSED; AORTIC ARCHES
- BRAIN; VENTRAL NERVE CORD
- EXCRETORY
- COCOON
These are unsegmented worms.
NEMATODES
Although ________ (________________) look wormlike, their closest evolutionary relatives are arthropods.
ROUNDWORMS; NEMATODES
Most roundworms are ______________, and they are extremely abundant in almost every habitat.
MICROSCOPIC
They have very few organ systems.
- Lack specialized circulatory and respiratory organs. Their pseudocoelom acts as a hydrostatic skeleton.
ROUNDWORMS
They have joined appendages.
ARTHROPODS
This phylum is the largest, most diverse phylum of animals.
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
ARTHROPODA
- Their _____, ______, _____, and other organs are _______.
- Jointed appendages, exoskeleton, segmentation
LEGS; ANTENNAE; MOUTHPARTS; JOINTED
What are the classifications (subphyla) of Phylum Arthropoda?
1) TRILOBITES
2) CHELICERATES
3) MYRIAPODS
4) CRUSTACENAS
5) INSECTS
How many species of arthropods exist?
OVER 1 MILLION
Arthropods have an __________.
EXOSKELETON
All arthropods produce a tough _____ ______ made of _____ that supports and protects the body.
OUTER SKELETON; CHITIN
As arthropods grow, they _____ and _____ a new ______.
MOLT; GROW; EXOSKELETON
They are considered to be the MOST DIVERSE ANIMALS.
ARTHROPODS
Arthropods are divided into five (5) subphyla, which among them are extinct?
TRILOBITES
Spiders, scorpions, and other ____________ have clawlike mouthparts called ___________.
CHELICERATES; CHELICERAE
They are HIGHLY SUCCESFUL ARTHROPODS.
INSECTS
Most insects are __________. Some live or reproduce in _______ ________.
TERRESTRIAL; FRESH WATER
These are MARINE DEUTEROSTOMES.
ECHINODERMS
These are most closely related to CHORDATES.
ECHINODERMS
Cite examples of ECHINODERMS.
1) SEA URCHINS
2) SEA STARS
3) SEA CUCUMBERS
These organisms have RADIAL SYMMETRY (as adults), SPINY SKIN, WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM
ECHINODERMS `
They are unusual among animals in that as adults, their bodies are radially symmetric.
ECHINODERMS
These have a water vascular system and tube feet.
ECHINODERMS
The ________ ________ _________ of echinoderms carries out functions of complex __________, _________, and __________ systems.
WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM; CIRCULATORY, RESPIRATORY; EXCRETORY
These pump out water and act as locomotion and sensory systems in echinoderms.
TUBE FEET
Most animals are of what phylum?
CHORDATA
The ________ are a diverse group of at least 60,000 species, including humans, mammals, fish, and other familiar animals.
CHORDATES
How many species of CHORDATES are there?
60,000 SPECIES
These have a NOTOCHORD, DORSAL NERVE CORD, PHARYNGEAL SLITS, POSTANAL TAIL
CHORDATES
All CHORDATES share how many features?
FOUR (4)
Every chordate expresses these four (4) features at some point during its life, since they are inherited from a common ancestor. What are these?
1) NOTOCHORD
2) DORSAL NERVE CORD
3) PHARYNGEAL SLIT
4) POSTANAL TAIL
Some CHORDATES are INVERTEBRATES. Cite examples.
1) TUNICATES
2) LANCELTES
3) HAGFISH
Vertebrates protect their __________ _______.
SPINAL COLUMNS
These are a series of small structures making up a backbone, They can be made of bone or cartilage.
VERTEBRAE
Some CHORDATES have JAWS. Cite examples.
1) FISHES
2) AMPHIBIANS
3) REPTILES
4) MAMMALS
Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have _______ ______ that frame the mouth entrance.
HINGED JAWS
Some CHORDATES are TETRAPODS.
_________ vertebrates have _______.
TERRESTRIAL; LIMBS
Some CHORDATES have an AMNION.
_______ and _______ have several membranes that surround, protect, and feed their developing embryos.
REPTILES; MAMMALS
These chordates have cartilage or bone skeletons.
FISHES
They are the most diverse and abundant group of vertebrates.
FISHES
The most ancient fishes have ___________ _________, such as sharks. Bony fish include two groups, ___________ and ____________.
CARTILAGE SKELETONS; RAY-FINNED; LOBE-FINNED
Adaptations to living on land first arose in ___________________.
LOBE-FINNED FISHES
Fish in this group have _______ that can breathe air when water is scarce and robust ______ ________ allowing them to move on land. These features are the ________ of modern ___________ lungs and legs.
LOBE-FINNED FISHES; LUNGS; PECTORAL FINS; PRECURSORS; TETRAPOD
Amphibians live “________”.
DOUBLE LIVES
These are tetrapods that began colonizing the land about 375 MYA.
AMPHIBIANS
These breathe air using lungs and through their skin.
AMPHIBIANS
These need water for reproduction and to keep their skin cool.
AMPHIBIANS
When did amphibians began colonizing the land?
375 MYA
They respire via lungs, gills, and moist skin.
AMPHIBIANS
Amphibians include three (3) main lineages. Cite these.
1) FROGS
2) SALAMANDERS
3) CAECILIANS
Most amphibians are _______; either smooth-skinned “____” or warty-skinned _______.
FROGS; TRUE FROGS; TOADS
These resemble lizards.
SALAMANDERS; NEWTS
These are amphibians that lack limbs and resemble giant earthworms.
CAECILIANS
They were the first vertebrates to THRIVE ON LAND.
REPTILES
When did reptiles evolved?
310 MYA
Many reptiles that once dominated the planet are now _______.
EXTINCT
They are adapted to retain inside their bodies and reproduce outside of it.
REPTILES
Reptiles evolved ~______ to _________ MYA. They dominated animal life during the _______________.
310; 320; Mesozoic Era
Land adaptations in reptiles include:
- _______ water loss from the skin due to ______.
- __________ _________ and __________ eggs make reproduction independent of water.
- REDUCED; SCALES
- INTERNAL FERTILIZATION; AMNIOTIC
What adaptation of reptiles help them reduce water loss from their skin?
SCALES
How many lineages are of REPTILES?
FIVE (5)
What organisms were originally part of the reptilian group called ARCHOSAURS?
1) BIRDS
2) DINOSAURS
3) CROCODILIANS
The _______ reptiles include lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, and crocodilians.
NONAVIAN
Cite examples of NONAVIAN REPTILES.
1) LIZARDS
2) SNAKES
3) TURTLES
4) TORTOISES
5) CROCODILIANS
Who are the AVIAN REPTILES?
BIRDS
They are feathered reptiles adapted to flight.
BIRDS
These reptiles have a unique set of features that set them apart from reptiles and allow them to fly:
1) Feathers
2) Wings
3) Lightweight hollow bones
4) Powerful heart and unique lungs supply the body with lots of oxygen
5) Endothermic
BIRDS
What are the features of BIRDS that differ them from other reptiles and allow them to fly?
1) Feathers
2) Wings
3) Lightweight hollow bones
4) Powerful heart and unique lungs supply the body with lots of oxygen
5) Endothermic
They are warm, fuzzy milk-drinkers.
MAMMALS
They have evolved about 200 MYA. They are endothermic amniotes with milk-secreting mammary glands. They also produce hair, which helps them conserve body heat.
MAMMALS
When did MAMMALS evolve?
200 MYA
What are MAMMALS grouped by?
REPRODUCTION
These mammals lay eggs, which is similar to reptiles.
MONOTREMES
In these mammals, babies develop inside a uterus before birth.
MARSUPIALS & PLACENTAL MAMMALS
Babies of these mammals continue to develop in pouches for many months.
MARSUPIALS
Babies from these mammals are connected to their mother’s uterus and share her circulatory system.
PLACENTAL MAMMALS
