Finals - DIVERSITY OF ANIMALS Flashcards
This is evolutionary history of species or a group of related species.
PHYLOGENY
This discipline classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships.
SYSTEMATICS
These scientists use __________, ___________, and ___________ data to infer evolutionary relationships.
SYSTEMATISTS; FOSSILS; MOLECULAR; GENETIC
This is the organized division and naming of organisms.
TAXONOMY
When did Carolus Linnaeus publish a system of taxonomy?
18TH CENTURY
Where did Carolus Linnaeus base his system of taxonomy?
RESEMBLANCES
In the 18th Century, this scientist published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances.
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Two key features of the system of taxonomy remain useful today; _____-part names for __________ and __________ __________. What is this naming system called?
TWO; SPECIES; HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION; BINOMIAL NOMECLATURE
The two-part scientific name of a species is called a?
BINOMIAL
The first part of the name is the ________.
GENUS
The second part, called the ________ _________, is unique for each species within the genus.
SPECIFIC EPITHET
The first letter of the genus is _________, and the entire species name is __________.
CAPITALIZED; ITALICIZED
Both parts together name the species (not the _______ ________ alone)
SPECIFIC EPITHET
This is introduced by Linnaeus as a system for grouping species in increasingly broad categories.
HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
State the taxonomic groups from BROAD to NARROW.
D - DOMAIN
K - KINGDOM
P - PHYLUM
C - CLASS
O - ORDER
F - FAMILY
G - GENUS
S - SPECIES
A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy is called a?
TAXON
Give the HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION of a TIGER.
DOMAIN - EUKARYA
KINGDOM - ANIMALIA
PHYLUM - CHORDATA
CLASS - MAMMALIA
ORDER - CARNIVORA
FAMILY - FELIDAE
GENUS - PANTHERA
SPECIES - PANTHERA PARDUS
A group of organisms at a particular level in a classification system is called a? and what in plural?
TAXON; TAXA
This is the branch of BIOLOGY that IDENTIFIES and NAMES organisms.
TAXONOMY
Organisms are names using ________ in such a way that no two have the same name.
LATIN
What was the reason for using Latin in naming organisms?
So no two have the same name as using common names can be misleading.
By convention, what does the BINOMIAL NAME CONSIST OF?
GENUS - first word; always capitalized
SPECIES - second word; refers to the species and is not capitalized
Who and when: defined species as a group of individuals that can BREED with one another and produce FERTILE offspring.
JOHN RAY (about 1700)
This is a group of individuals that can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring.
SPECIES
Supplemental Question:
Breeding a HORSE with a DONKEY produces a MULE - a sterile offspring. Is it considered a species?
NO, MULES ARE HYBRIDS.
The designation of ________ have changed over the years.
KINGDOMS
Originally, how many known kingdoms were there and what were they?
TWO; KINGDOM ANIMALIA & KINGDOM PLANTAE
Indeed, a taxonomic level higher than kingdom has been recognized, what is this?
DOMAIN
Supplemental Question:
Who introduced the taxonomic level DOMAIN and when did they introduce it?
CARL WOESE, OTTO KANDLER, MARK WHEELIS (1990)
What are three (3) domains?
1) BACTERIA
2) ARCHAEA
3) EUKARYA
Who made a TWO-KINGDOM SYSTEM (PLANTAE & ANIMALIA)?
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Who made a FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM (ANIMALIA, PLANTAE, PROTISTA, FUNGI, MONERA)?
ROBERT WHITTAKER
Who made a SIX-KINGDOM SYSTEM (BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, PROTISTA, FUNGI, PLANTAE, & ANIMALIA)?
CARL WOESE
Who made a THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM (BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, EUKARYA)?
CARL WOESE
Under DOMAIN EUKARYA, give 3 examples of KINGDOMS under it.
1) ANIMALIA
2) FUNGI
3) PLANTAE
Supplemental Question:
- Means “hidden fungi”
- A newly-discovered group of fungi that was first identified in 2017. They are considered
CRYPTOMYCOTA
Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching _________ _________.
PHYLOGENETIC TREES
_____________ classification and ________ can differ from each other.
LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION & PHYLOGENY
Proposed by SYSTEMATISTS, which recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendants.
PHYLOCODE
Supplemental Question:
- a set of principles, rules, and recommendations governing phylogenetic nomenclature, a system for naming taxa by explicit reference to phylogeny.
- it was introduced as an alternative to the traditional Linnaean system of taxonomy, which classifies organisms based on shared physical traits and hierarchical ranks like kingdom, phylum, class, order, etc.
PHYLOCODE
A __________ _________ represents a HYPOTHESIS about evolutionary relationships.
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
In a phylogenetic tree, each ____________ represent the DIVERGENCE OF TWO SPECIES.
BRANCH POINT
In a phylogenetic tree, what does each BRANCH POINT represent?
DIVERGENCE OF TWO SPECIES
In a phylogenetic tree, these are groups that SHARE an immediate common ancestor.
SISTER TAXA
In a phylogenetic tree, what does “SISTER TAXA” mean?
GROUPS THAT SHARE AN IMMEDIATE COMMON ANCESTOR
In a phylogenetic tree, a ________ tree includes a branch to present the last common ancestor of all taxa in a tree.
ROOTED TREE
In a phylogenetic tree, what does does a “ROOTED TREE” include?
A BRANCH TO PREPRESENT THE LAST COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL TAXA IN THE TREE.
In a phylogenetic tree, this is branch from which more than two groups emerge.
POLYTOMY
In a phylogenetic tree, what is “POLYTOMY”?
A BRANCH FROM WHICH MORE THAN TWO GROUPS EMERGE
What We Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees
1) Phylogenetic trees ______ show patterns of descent.
2) Phylogenetic trees _________ indicate when species evolved or how much genetic change occurred in a lineage.
3) It __________ be assumed that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it.
1) DO
2) DO NOT
3) SHOULDN’T
TRUE OR FALSE
- Phylogenetic Trees do not show patterns of descent.
FALSE, DO
TRUE OR FALSE
- Phylogenetic Trees do indicate when species evolved or how much genetic change occurred in a lineage.
FALSE, DO NOT
TRUE OR FALSE
- It is SAFE to assume that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it in a phylogenetic tree.
FALSE, SHOULDN’T
Where are PHYLOGENIES inferred from?
MORPHOLOGCAL AND MOLECULAR DATA
Supplemental Question:
These are diagrams that represent the evolutionary relationships among species or groups of organism, often depicted as branching trees.
PHYLOGENIES
Supplemental Question:
Phylogenies are inferred using data from both _____________ (physical traits) and ___________ (genetic) sources.
MORPHOLOGICAL & MOLECULAR
Supplemental Question:
What It Is: This refers to the physical traits and structures of organisms, such as body shape, size, skeletal features, and other observable characteristics.
How It’s Used: By comparing these traits across different species, scientists can hypothesize how these species might be related. Similarities in structure suggest common ancestry, while differences indicate evolutionary divergence.
Example: The presence of a backbone in animals might be used to group vertebrates together, while differences in the number of limbs or the shape of bones can help refine the relationships within that group.
MORPHOLOGICAL DATA
Supplemental Question:
What It Is: This refers to genetic information, such as DNA, RNA, or protein sequences. The molecular data helps scientists compare genetic similarities and differences at the molecular level.
How It’s Used: By comparing the DNA or protein sequences of different organisms, scientists can estimate how closely related they are. The more similar the sequences, the more recent their common ancestor is likely to be.
Example: Comparing the genetic sequence of a gene that is present in both humans and chimpanzees would show high similarity, supporting the idea that they share a recent common ancestor.
MOLECULAR DATA
Supplemental Question:
This is a method used in biology to classify organisms based on their shared evolutionary history. It is rooted in the concept of _________, which are groups of organisms that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
CLADISTICS; CLADES
Supplemental Question:
- A group consisting of a single ancestor and all of its descendants.
- Can include a wide range of organisms that share common characteristics due to their evolutionary origin.
Example: Mammalia includes all mammals, from humans to whales, because they all share a common ancestor with specific mammalian traits, like hair and live birth.
CLADE
Supplemental Question:
Cladistics aims to construct a phylogenetic tree (or __________) that represents these evolutionary relationships.
CLADOGRAM
To infer phylogenies, systematists gather information about ____________, __________, and __________ of living organisms
MORPHOLOGIES; GENES; BIOCHEMISTRY
Organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences are _______ to be more closely related than organisms with different structures or sequences.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES; LIKELY
Supplemental Questions:
Refer to similarities in the physical traits (morphologies) or genetic sequences of organisms that are inherited from a common ancestor. These similarities are key indicators of evolutionary relationships, helping scientists determine how closely related different species are.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES
Supplemental Question:
- What It Is: This refers to similarities in the physical structures or traits of organisms, such as bones, organs, or body parts.
- How It Works: Organisms that share similar morphological features are often considered to have inherited these traits from a common ancestor. These structures may serve similar functions or may be modified versions of the same structure in different species.
MORPHOLOGICAL HOMOLOGY
Supplemental Question:
- What It Is: This refers to similarities in the DNA, RNA, or protein sequences of organisms. Just as similar morphological traits can suggest a common ancestor, so too can shared genetic sequences.
- How It Works: Organisms that are closely related will have more similar DNA sequences or protein structures because they share a more recent common ancestor.
MOLECULAR HOMOLOGY
Supplemental Question:
Refers to the similarity between two or more biological traits (such as genes, proteins, or anatomical structures) due to shared ancestry. In other words, if two organisms have similar characteristics because they inherited them from a common ancestor, those characteristics are said to be homologous.
HOMOLOGY
When constructing a phylogeny, systematists need to distinguish whether a similarity is the result of _________ or __________.
HOMOLOGY; ANALOGY
This is the similarity due to shared ancestry.
HOMOLOGY
This is the similarity due to convergent evolution.
ANALOGY
Supplemental Question:
Process by which unrelated or distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits or features, often as a result of adapting to similar environmental pressures or ecological niches.
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
The similarity between organisms due to shared ancestry, and it is a key piece of evidence for constructing phylogenies.
HOMOLOGY
The similarity due to convergent evolution, where unrelated organisms evolve similar traits independently in response to similar environmental pressures.
ANALOGY
Occurs when similar
environmental pressures and natural selection
produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages.
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
What is the motto of “CONVERGENT EVOLUTION”?
“MANY PATHS TO ONE GOAL”
What is an animal?
Animals all have a specific set of features in common:
- They are __________ with ____________ cells that lack ____________.
MULTICELLULAR; EUKARYOTIC; CELL WALLS
What is an animal?
Animals all have a specific set of features in common:
- They are ____________, eating food by ingestion.
HETEROTROPHIC
What is an animal?
Animals all have a specific set of features in common:
- They go through ___________ of development.
BLASTULA STAGE
What is an animal?
Animals all have a specific set of features in common:
- Their cells produce an __________ ___________.
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
What are the specific features of animals?
- They are multicellular with eukaryotic cells that lack cell walls.
- They are heterotrophic, eating food by ingestion.
- They go through a blastula stage of development.
- Their cells produce an extracellular matrix.
Supplemental Question:
This is an early phase in the development of animals that occurs after a fertilized egg (zygote) divides repeatedly in a process called cleavage. During this stage, the embryo forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula, which contains a fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoel.
BLASTULA STAGE
Supplemental Question:
This is a critical feature in animals because it plays a central role in maintaining the structure, support, and communication within and between cells in multicellular organisms.
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
Animals are extremely __________.
DIVERSE
Animals live almost everywhere. There are over ___________ known animal species.
1.3 MILLION
Animals vary greatly in ______, _______, ________, and _________.
SIZE; HABITAT; BODY FORM; INTELLIGENCE
An example of an animal without true tissues.
SPONGES
All other animals are classified based on development. What are these classifications?
- ANIMALS WITH TWO GERM LAYERS
- PROTOSTOME ANIMALS WITH THREE GERM LAYERS
- DEUTEROSTOME ANIMALS WITH THREE GERM LAYERS
What are examples of PROTOSTOME ANIMALS WITH THREE GERM LAYERS?
1) FLATWORMS
2) MOLLUSKS
3) ANNELIDS
4) ROUNDWORMS
5) ARTHROPODS
What are examples of DEUTEROSTOME ANIMALS WITH THREE GERM LAYERS?
1) ECHINODERMS
2) CHORDATES
Where did animal life begin?
WATER
The first animals arose about ______ million years ago. They probably resembled ______ ______ called ________________.
570 MILLION YEARS AGO; AQUATIC PROTISTS; CHOANOFLAGELLATES
Early animals lived in the _____.
SEA
These are the earliest fossil animals from the PRECAMBRIAN EON. They died out about 544 MYA and left no known modern descendants.
EDIACARANS
What eon were the Ediacaran fossils from?
PRECAMBRIAN EON
How long ago did the EDIACARANS died out?
544 MYA
Are there any known descendants of Ediacarans?
NONE