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ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) > Q#2 - CHEMISTRY OF LIFE PT.2 > Flashcards

Q#2 - CHEMISTRY OF LIFE PT.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four (4) main topics under the lesson “Chemistry of Life”?

A

THE CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE
ATOMS & MOLECULES
MOLECULAR BONDS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS

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2
Q

I. The Chemistry of Life

Zoology is a __________ science.

A

MULTIDISCIPLINARY

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3
Q

I. The Chemistry of Life

Living organisms are subject to ______ ________ of _________ and __________.

A

BASIC LAWS; PHYSICS; CHEMKISTRY

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4
Q

I. The Chemistry of Life

  • Living organisms are subject to the basic laws of physics and chemistry.
  • One example is the use of ______________ by ants to maintain ________, stands of ___________ in the Amazon.
A

FORMIC ACID; DEVIL’S GARDENS; DUROIA TREES

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5
Q

I. The Chemistry of Life

  • _________ is anything that occupies space and has mass.
  • composed of ________ _______, or substances that cannot be broken down into simple substances.
A

MATTER; CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

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6
Q

I. The Chemistry of Life

What are the three physical states of matter?

A

SOLID; LIQUID; GAS

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7
Q

I. The Chemistry of Life

How many are the NATURALLY occurring elements? and how many are ESSENTIAL to life?

A

92; 25

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8
Q

I. The Chemistry of Life

Four of these NATURALLY occurring essential elements make up _____ of the human body. What are these elements?

A

96%
CARBON; HYDROGEN; OXYGEN; NITROGEN

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9
Q

I. The Chemistry of Life

These are elements that are
required only in very small amounts but is required for organs and systems to function properly (you can not live without it).

A

TRACE ELEMENTS

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9
Q

I. The Chemistry of Life

These SEVEN (7) elements comprise about 4% of human body weight.

A
  1. CALCIUM
  2. PHOSPHORUS
  3. POTASSIUM
  4. SULFUR
  5. SODIUM
  6. CHLORINE
  7. MAGNESIUM
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10
Q

I. The Chemistry of Life

These FOURTEEN (14) elements make up less than 0.01% of human body weight (TRACE ELEMENTS).

A
  1. BORON (B)
  2. CHROMIUM (Cr)
  3. COBALT (Co)
  4. COPPER (Cu)
  5. FLUORINE (F)
  6. IODINE (I)
  7. IRON (Fe)
  8. MANGANESE (Mn)
  9. MOLYBDENUM (Mo)
  10. SELENIUM (Se)
  11. SILICON (Si)
  12. TIN (SN)
  13. VANADIUM (V)
  14. ZINC (Zn)
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11
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

  • All matter is composed of extremely small particles called _______. Each element consists of unique __________.
A

ATOMS

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12
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

An _________ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an __________.

A

ATOM; ELEMENT

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13
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Every atom has the ______ basic structure:
- Core nucleus of _________ and _______
- ________ _______ of electrons.

A

SAME; PROTONS; NEUTRONS; ORBITING CLOUD

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14
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Has a positive charge.

A

PROTONS

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15
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Has a negative charge.

A

ELECTRONS

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16
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Has a neutral charge.

A

NEUTRONS

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17
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

This determines the chemical behavior of atoms.

A

ELECTRONS/ e-

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18
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

This is the CAPACITY to CAUSE CHANGE = _________ work.

A

ENERGY; BIOLOGICAL

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19
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

This is the energy that matter has because of its LOCATION or STRUCTURE.

A

POTENTIAL ENERGY

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20
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

The __________ of an atom differ in their amounts of potential energy.

A

ELECTRONS

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21
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

An electron’s state of potential energy is called its ______ _______ or ________ ________.

A

ENERGY LEVEL; ELECTRON SHELL

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22
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

The ________ the electron from the nucleus, the MORE energy it has.

A

FURTHER

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23
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

The ________ _________ of an atom is determined by the ____________ OF ELECTRONS in electron shells.

A

CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR; DISTRIBUTION

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24
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

This shows the electron distribution of each element.

A

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

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25
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

These are those in the outermost shell, or
valence shell.

A

VALENCE ELECTRONS

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25
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

The chemical behavior of an aom is mostly determined by the ____________ ____________.

A

VALENCE ELECTRONS

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26
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Elements with a full valence shell are chemically ________.

A

INERT

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27
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

TRUE OR FALSE:
Atoms with incomplete
valence shells can share or
transfer valence electrons
with certain other atoms

A

TRUE

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28
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

These interactions usually
result in atoms staying
close together, held by
attractions called __________.

A

CHEMICAL BONDS

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29
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Atoms with incomplete
electron orbitals are
more _________.

A

REACTIVE

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30
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

It is a group of atoms held together by energy.

A

MOLECULES

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31
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

The holding force between atoms in a molecule is called a ___________.

A

CHEMICAL BOND

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32
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

What are the three kinds of chemical bonds:

A
  1. IONIC BONDS
  2. COVALENT BONDS
  3. POLAR & NON-POLAR COVALENT BONDS (e.g. HYDROGEN BONDS)
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33
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

The __________ and ________ of molecules depend on ______ ________ between atoms.

A

FORMATION; FUNCTION; CHEMICAL BONDING

34
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Formed by the attraction of OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS.

A

IONIC BONDS

35
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Charged atoms become ions: _________ (+) and _________ (-) atoms.

A

CATION; ANION

36
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

There are TWO (2) KEY properties of IONIC BONDS, what are these?

  1. ______________
    - But not as strong as covalent bonds.
  2. ______________
    - They are not formed between particular ions in the compound
A

STRONG; NOT DIRECTIONAL

37
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Between the TWO (2) Key Properties of IONIC BONDS, what is this?

  • They are not formed between particular ions in the compound.
A

NOT DIRECTIONAL

38
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

True or False:

Ionic Bonds are STRONG and are STRONGER than COVALENT BONDS.

A

FALSE; WEAKER

39
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

A bond formed when TWO ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS (results in very STRONG bonds)

A

COVALENT BONDS

40
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

There are TWO (2) Key Properties of COVALENT BONDS:

  1. __________
    - The strength increases with the number of shared electrons.
  2. __________
    - They are formed between two specific atoms.
A

STRONG; VERY DIRECTIONAL

41
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Of the TWO (2) Key Properties of COVALENT BONDS, identify this property:

  • The strength increases with the number of shared electrons.
A

STRONG

42
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Of the TWO (2) Key Properties of COVALENT BONDS, identify this property:

  • They are formed between two specific atoms.
A

VERY DIRECTIONAL

43
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

In a_________________, the atoms share the electron EQUALLY.

A

NON-POLAR COVALENT

44
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

In a _____________________, one atom is MORE electronegative, and the atoms DO NOT share the electron equally.

A

POLAR COVALENT BOND

45
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

___________ sharing of electrons causes a ___________ positive or negative charge to reach an atom or molecule.

A

UNEQUAL; PARTIAL

46
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

This is formed by the attraction of opposite partial electric charges between TWO POLAR molecules.

A

HYDROGEN BONDS: POLAR & NON-POLAR COVALENT BONDS

47
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Hydrogen Bonds have TWO (2) Key Properties, identify the following:

1._______________
- They are not effective over long distances.

  1. _______________
    - Polar molecules must be very close for the weak attraction to be effective.
A

WEAK; HIGHLY DIRECTIONAL

48
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

For the HIGHLY DIRECTIONAL Hydrogen Bonds, polar molecules must be ______________ for the weak attraction to be effective.

A

VERY CLOSE

49
Q

II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

For the WEAK Hydrogen Bonds, they are NOT EFFECTIVE over ________ ______________.

A

LONG DISTANCES

50
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

  • Most of the STRONGEST BONDS in organisms are _____________ that form a cell’s _____________.
A

COVALENT BONDS; MOLECULES

51
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

  • Weak chemical bonds, such as _______________ and ______________, are IMPORTANT.
A

IONIC BONDS; HYDROGEN BONDS

52
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

_________ chemical bonds reinforce _________ of ________ molecules and help molecules _________ to each other.

A

WEAK; SHAPE; LARGE MOLECULES; ADHERE

53
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Van der Waals Interactions

  • If electrons are distributed ___________________ in molecules or atoms, they can result in “_______________” of positive or negative charge.
A

ASYMMETRICALLY; HOT SPOTS

54
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

These are ATTRACTIONS between molecules that are CLOSE TOGETHER due to these charges.

A

Van der Waals Interactions

55
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

These interactions, collectively, can be VERY STRONG. An example of these interactions is the ability of lizards and geckos to attach themselves to walls.

A

Van der Waals Interactions

56
Q

Supplementary Question

Van der Waals Interactions

  • Gecko feet are covered with MILLIONS of TINY HAIR-LIKE structures called ________.
  • Each of these is further divided into EVEN SMALLER structures called _________, which INCREASES the SURFACE AREA in contact with the surface.
A

SETAE; SPATULAE

57
Q

Supplementary Question

  • These interactions are weak, short-range attractions between molecules or atoms that occur due to TEMPORARY DIPOLES forming when electrons shift slightly in atoms or molecules.
  • These forces are present between all molecules and _________ when surfaces are CLOSE together.
A

Van der Waals Forces; INCREASES

58
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Van der Waals

  • When a gecko places its foot on a surface, the vast number of its ________ on its ________ come into EXTREMELY CLOSE PROXIMITY with the surface.
  • This close contact allows the gecko to form numerous of these interactions between the molecules on the surface and those in its foot structures.
A

SPATULAE; SETAE

59
Q

Supplementary Question

  • Through Van der Waals forces are weak individually, the sheer number of ________ in contact with the surface allows the gecko to generate significant __________ ___________ __________.
  • A single gecko can generate enough of these forces to support its weight as it climbs vertically or even hangs upside down.
A

SPATULAE; CUMULATIVE ADHESIVE FORCE

60
Q

Supplementary Question

  • In geckos and some other lizards, _________ are thin, flat plate-like structures found on the bottom of a gecko’s toes. They are made of ___________, the same material found in hair and nails.
  • Each toe of a gecko has multiple ________, which are arranged in ________. These greatly increase the surface area of the toe pads.
  • Are covered with thousands of microscopic hair-like structures called setae.
A

LAMELLAE

61
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

  • A molecule’s __________ is usually very important to its _________.
A

SHAPE; FUNCTION

62
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

  • A molecule’s ________ is DETERMINED by the __________ of its atoms’ __________ __________.
A

SHAPE; POSITIONS; VALENCE ORBITALS

63
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

  • In a _________ bond, the _____ and ______ orbitals may __________, creating specific molecular shapes.
A

COVALENT; s ; p ; HYBRIDIZE

64
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Molecular Shape and Function

____________ molecules _________ and _________ with each other with a specificity based on ________ ________.

A

BIOLOGICAL; RECOGNIZE; INTERACT; MOLECULAR SHAPE

65
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Molecular Shape and Function

  • Molecules with _________ shapes can have similar ___________ _________.
A

SIMILAR; BIOLOGICAL; EFFECTS

66
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Molecular Shape and Function

A group of substances found in the NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially in the brain, that REGULATE the body’s response to pain and other stimuli.

A

ENDORPHIN

67
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Molecular Shape and Function

Endorphin is a group of substances found in the _________________.

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

68
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Molecular Shape and Function

  • Endorphin is found especially in the _______ and ________ the body’s response to _______ and other ________.
A

BRAIN; REGULATE; PAIN; STIMULI

69
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Molecular Shape and Function

This is a drug extracted from OPIUM, used in medicine to relieve severe pain and for its sedative effects. It can be highly addictive.

A

MORPHINE

70
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Molecular Shape and Function

Morphine is a _______ extracted from _______, used in ________ to ________ ______ _______ and for its _________ effects. It can be highly __________.

A

DRUG; OPIUM; MEDICINE; RELIEVE SEVERE PAIN; SEDATIVE; ADDICTIVE

71
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Molecular Shape and Function

Signals the body to produce/manifest SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS.

A

SEX HORMONES

72
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Molecular Shape and Function

This is a sex hormone produced by a male’s testes and triggers the development of the testes and penis.

A

TESTOSTERONE

73
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Molecular Shape and Function

  • This sex hormone initiates the process of puberty, which influences the growth of facial, body, and pubic hair, deepens the voice, and spurs muscle development.
  • Plays a role in sex drive regulation.
A

TESTOSTERONE

74
Q

III. MOLECULAR BONDS

Molecular Shape and Function

Testosterone, a sex hormone produced by a male’s _______, triggers the development of the _______ and ________. It also initiates the process of ________, which influences the growth of ______, _____, and _____ hair, _______ the ______ and _____ _______ _________. It also plays a role in ____ _____ regulation.

A

TESTES; TESTES; PENIS; PUBERTY; FACIAL; BODY; PUBIC; DEEPENS; VOICE; SPURS; MUSLCE DEVELOPMENT; SEX DRIVE

75
Q

This is the MAKING and BREAKING of CHEMICAL BONDS.

A

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

76
Q

The starting molecules of a chemical reaction are called?

A

REACTANTS

77
Q

The FINAL molecules of a chemical reaction are called:

A

PRODUCTS

78
Q

In the PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, identify this:

  • Atoms or molecules COMBINE
  • Energy is ABSORBED for bond formation
A

SYNTHESIS REACTION (A+B->AB)

79
Q

In the PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, identify this:

  • Molecule is BROKEN DOWN
  • Chemical energy is RELEASED
A

DECOMPOSITION REACTION (AB-> A + B)

80
Q

In the PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, identify this:

  • Involves both SYNTHESIS and DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS
  • Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made
A

EXCHANGE REACTION (AB + C -> AC + B)

81
Q

In the PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, identify this:

  • Smaller particles are BONDED together to form larger, more complex molecules.

Example: Amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule.

A

SYNTHESIS REACTION

82
Q

In the PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, identify this:

  • Bonds are BROKEN in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules.

Example: Glycogen is broken down to release glucose units.

A

DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

83
Q

In the PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, identify this:

  • Bonds are both MADE and BROKEN

Example: ATP transfers its terminal phosphate group to glucose to form glucose-phosphate.

A

EXCHANGE REACTIONS

ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) (10 decks)

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