Q#2 - CHEMISTRY OF LIFE PT.2 Flashcards
What are the four (4) main topics under the lesson “Chemistry of Life”?
THE CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE
ATOMS & MOLECULES
MOLECULAR BONDS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
I. The Chemistry of Life
Zoology is a __________ science.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY
I. The Chemistry of Life
Living organisms are subject to ______ ________ of _________ and __________.
BASIC LAWS; PHYSICS; CHEMKISTRY
I. The Chemistry of Life
- Living organisms are subject to the basic laws of physics and chemistry.
- One example is the use of ______________ by ants to maintain ________, stands of ___________ in the Amazon.
FORMIC ACID; DEVIL’S GARDENS; DUROIA TREES
I. The Chemistry of Life
- _________ is anything that occupies space and has mass.
- composed of ________ _______, or substances that cannot be broken down into simple substances.
MATTER; CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
I. The Chemistry of Life
What are the three physical states of matter?
SOLID; LIQUID; GAS
I. The Chemistry of Life
How many are the NATURALLY occurring elements? and how many are ESSENTIAL to life?
92; 25
I. The Chemistry of Life
Four of these NATURALLY occurring essential elements make up _____ of the human body. What are these elements?
96%
CARBON; HYDROGEN; OXYGEN; NITROGEN
I. The Chemistry of Life
These are elements that are
required only in very small amounts but is required for organs and systems to function properly (you can not live without it).
TRACE ELEMENTS
I. The Chemistry of Life
These SEVEN (7) elements comprise about 4% of human body weight.
- CALCIUM
- PHOSPHORUS
- POTASSIUM
- SULFUR
- SODIUM
- CHLORINE
- MAGNESIUM
I. The Chemistry of Life
These FOURTEEN (14) elements make up less than 0.01% of human body weight (TRACE ELEMENTS).
- BORON (B)
- CHROMIUM (Cr)
- COBALT (Co)
- COPPER (Cu)
- FLUORINE (F)
- IODINE (I)
- IRON (Fe)
- MANGANESE (Mn)
- MOLYBDENUM (Mo)
- SELENIUM (Se)
- SILICON (Si)
- TIN (SN)
- VANADIUM (V)
- ZINC (Zn)
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
- All matter is composed of extremely small particles called _______. Each element consists of unique __________.
ATOMS
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
An _________ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an __________.
ATOM; ELEMENT
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Every atom has the ______ basic structure:
- Core nucleus of _________ and _______
- ________ _______ of electrons.
SAME; PROTONS; NEUTRONS; ORBITING CLOUD
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Has a positive charge.
PROTONS
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Has a negative charge.
ELECTRONS
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Has a neutral charge.
NEUTRONS
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
This determines the chemical behavior of atoms.
ELECTRONS/ e-
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
This is the CAPACITY to CAUSE CHANGE = _________ work.
ENERGY; BIOLOGICAL
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
This is the energy that matter has because of its LOCATION or STRUCTURE.
POTENTIAL ENERGY
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
The __________ of an atom differ in their amounts of potential energy.
ELECTRONS
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
An electron’s state of potential energy is called its ______ _______ or ________ ________.
ENERGY LEVEL; ELECTRON SHELL
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
The ________ the electron from the nucleus, the MORE energy it has.
FURTHER
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
The ________ _________ of an atom is determined by the ____________ OF ELECTRONS in electron shells.
CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR; DISTRIBUTION
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
This shows the electron distribution of each element.
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
These are those in the outermost shell, or
valence shell.
VALENCE ELECTRONS
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
The chemical behavior of an aom is mostly determined by the ____________ ____________.
VALENCE ELECTRONS
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Elements with a full valence shell are chemically ________.
INERT
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
TRUE OR FALSE:
Atoms with incomplete
valence shells can share or
transfer valence electrons
with certain other atoms
TRUE
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
These interactions usually
result in atoms staying
close together, held by
attractions called __________.
CHEMICAL BONDS
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Atoms with incomplete
electron orbitals are
more _________.
REACTIVE
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
It is a group of atoms held together by energy.
MOLECULES
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
The holding force between atoms in a molecule is called a ___________.
CHEMICAL BOND
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
What are the three kinds of chemical bonds:
- IONIC BONDS
- COVALENT BONDS
- POLAR & NON-POLAR COVALENT BONDS (e.g. HYDROGEN BONDS)
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
The __________ and ________ of molecules depend on ______ ________ between atoms.
FORMATION; FUNCTION; CHEMICAL BONDING
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Formed by the attraction of OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS.
IONIC BONDS
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Charged atoms become ions: _________ (+) and _________ (-) atoms.
CATION; ANION
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
There are TWO (2) KEY properties of IONIC BONDS, what are these?
- ______________
- But not as strong as covalent bonds. - ______________
- They are not formed between particular ions in the compound
STRONG; NOT DIRECTIONAL
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Between the TWO (2) Key Properties of IONIC BONDS, what is this?
- They are not formed between particular ions in the compound.
NOT DIRECTIONAL
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
True or False:
Ionic Bonds are STRONG and are STRONGER than COVALENT BONDS.
FALSE; WEAKER
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
A bond formed when TWO ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS (results in very STRONG bonds)
COVALENT BONDS
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
There are TWO (2) Key Properties of COVALENT BONDS:
- __________
- The strength increases with the number of shared electrons. - __________
- They are formed between two specific atoms.
STRONG; VERY DIRECTIONAL
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Of the TWO (2) Key Properties of COVALENT BONDS, identify this property:
- The strength increases with the number of shared electrons.
STRONG
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Of the TWO (2) Key Properties of COVALENT BONDS, identify this property:
- They are formed between two specific atoms.
VERY DIRECTIONAL
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
In a_________________, the atoms share the electron EQUALLY.
NON-POLAR COVALENT
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
In a _____________________, one atom is MORE electronegative, and the atoms DO NOT share the electron equally.
POLAR COVALENT BOND
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
___________ sharing of electrons causes a ___________ positive or negative charge to reach an atom or molecule.
UNEQUAL; PARTIAL
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
This is formed by the attraction of opposite partial electric charges between TWO POLAR molecules.
HYDROGEN BONDS: POLAR & NON-POLAR COVALENT BONDS
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Hydrogen Bonds have TWO (2) Key Properties, identify the following:
1._______________
- They are not effective over long distances.
- _______________
- Polar molecules must be very close for the weak attraction to be effective.
WEAK; HIGHLY DIRECTIONAL
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
For the HIGHLY DIRECTIONAL Hydrogen Bonds, polar molecules must be ______________ for the weak attraction to be effective.
VERY CLOSE
II. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
For the WEAK Hydrogen Bonds, they are NOT EFFECTIVE over ________ ______________.
LONG DISTANCES
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
- Most of the STRONGEST BONDS in organisms are _____________ that form a cell’s _____________.
COVALENT BONDS; MOLECULES
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
- Weak chemical bonds, such as _______________ and ______________, are IMPORTANT.
IONIC BONDS; HYDROGEN BONDS
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
_________ chemical bonds reinforce _________ of ________ molecules and help molecules _________ to each other.
WEAK; SHAPE; LARGE MOLECULES; ADHERE
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Van der Waals Interactions
- If electrons are distributed ___________________ in molecules or atoms, they can result in “_______________” of positive or negative charge.
ASYMMETRICALLY; HOT SPOTS
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
These are ATTRACTIONS between molecules that are CLOSE TOGETHER due to these charges.
Van der Waals Interactions
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
These interactions, collectively, can be VERY STRONG. An example of these interactions is the ability of lizards and geckos to attach themselves to walls.
Van der Waals Interactions
Supplementary Question
Van der Waals Interactions
- Gecko feet are covered with MILLIONS of TINY HAIR-LIKE structures called ________.
- Each of these is further divided into EVEN SMALLER structures called _________, which INCREASES the SURFACE AREA in contact with the surface.
SETAE; SPATULAE
Supplementary Question
- These interactions are weak, short-range attractions between molecules or atoms that occur due to TEMPORARY DIPOLES forming when electrons shift slightly in atoms or molecules.
- These forces are present between all molecules and _________ when surfaces are CLOSE together.
Van der Waals Forces; INCREASES
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Van der Waals
- When a gecko places its foot on a surface, the vast number of its ________ on its ________ come into EXTREMELY CLOSE PROXIMITY with the surface.
- This close contact allows the gecko to form numerous of these interactions between the molecules on the surface and those in its foot structures.
SPATULAE; SETAE
Supplementary Question
- Through Van der Waals forces are weak individually, the sheer number of ________ in contact with the surface allows the gecko to generate significant __________ ___________ __________.
- A single gecko can generate enough of these forces to support its weight as it climbs vertically or even hangs upside down.
SPATULAE; CUMULATIVE ADHESIVE FORCE
Supplementary Question
- In geckos and some other lizards, _________ are thin, flat plate-like structures found on the bottom of a gecko’s toes. They are made of ___________, the same material found in hair and nails.
- Each toe of a gecko has multiple ________, which are arranged in ________. These greatly increase the surface area of the toe pads.
- Are covered with thousands of microscopic hair-like structures called setae.
LAMELLAE
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
- A molecule’s __________ is usually very important to its _________.
SHAPE; FUNCTION
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
- A molecule’s ________ is DETERMINED by the __________ of its atoms’ __________ __________.
SHAPE; POSITIONS; VALENCE ORBITALS
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
- In a _________ bond, the _____ and ______ orbitals may __________, creating specific molecular shapes.
COVALENT; s ; p ; HYBRIDIZE
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Molecular Shape and Function
____________ molecules _________ and _________ with each other with a specificity based on ________ ________.
BIOLOGICAL; RECOGNIZE; INTERACT; MOLECULAR SHAPE
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Molecular Shape and Function
- Molecules with _________ shapes can have similar ___________ _________.
SIMILAR; BIOLOGICAL; EFFECTS
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Molecular Shape and Function
A group of substances found in the NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially in the brain, that REGULATE the body’s response to pain and other stimuli.
ENDORPHIN
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Molecular Shape and Function
Endorphin is a group of substances found in the _________________.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Molecular Shape and Function
- Endorphin is found especially in the _______ and ________ the body’s response to _______ and other ________.
BRAIN; REGULATE; PAIN; STIMULI
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Molecular Shape and Function
This is a drug extracted from OPIUM, used in medicine to relieve severe pain and for its sedative effects. It can be highly addictive.
MORPHINE
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Molecular Shape and Function
Morphine is a _______ extracted from _______, used in ________ to ________ ______ _______ and for its _________ effects. It can be highly __________.
DRUG; OPIUM; MEDICINE; RELIEVE SEVERE PAIN; SEDATIVE; ADDICTIVE
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Molecular Shape and Function
Signals the body to produce/manifest SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS.
SEX HORMONES
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Molecular Shape and Function
This is a sex hormone produced by a male’s testes and triggers the development of the testes and penis.
TESTOSTERONE
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Molecular Shape and Function
- This sex hormone initiates the process of puberty, which influences the growth of facial, body, and pubic hair, deepens the voice, and spurs muscle development.
- Plays a role in sex drive regulation.
TESTOSTERONE
III. MOLECULAR BONDS
Molecular Shape and Function
Testosterone, a sex hormone produced by a male’s _______, triggers the development of the _______ and ________. It also initiates the process of ________, which influences the growth of ______, _____, and _____ hair, _______ the ______ and _____ _______ _________. It also plays a role in ____ _____ regulation.
TESTES; TESTES; PENIS; PUBERTY; FACIAL; BODY; PUBIC; DEEPENS; VOICE; SPURS; MUSLCE DEVELOPMENT; SEX DRIVE
This is the MAKING and BREAKING of CHEMICAL BONDS.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
The starting molecules of a chemical reaction are called?
REACTANTS
The FINAL molecules of a chemical reaction are called:
PRODUCTS
In the PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, identify this:
- Atoms or molecules COMBINE
- Energy is ABSORBED for bond formation
SYNTHESIS REACTION (A+B->AB)
In the PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, identify this:
- Molecule is BROKEN DOWN
- Chemical energy is RELEASED
DECOMPOSITION REACTION (AB-> A + B)
In the PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, identify this:
- Involves both SYNTHESIS and DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS
- Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made
EXCHANGE REACTION (AB + C -> AC + B)
In the PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, identify this:
- Smaller particles are BONDED together to form larger, more complex molecules.
Example: Amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule.
SYNTHESIS REACTION
In the PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, identify this:
- Bonds are BROKEN in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules.
Example: Glycogen is broken down to release glucose units.
DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS
In the PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, identify this:
- Bonds are both MADE and BROKEN
Example: ATP transfers its terminal phosphate group to glucose to form glucose-phosphate.
EXCHANGE REACTIONS
