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ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) > Midterm - The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Midterm - The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

No living organism can reproduce without?

A

CELL DIVISION

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2
Q

They divide in order to reproduce.

A

UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

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3
Q

This produces a continuous supply of REPLACEMENT cells in multicellular organisms.

A

CELL DIVISION

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4
Q

A cell cycle starts when __________, and ends when the cell ________.

A

NEW CELL FORMS; REPRODUCES

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5
Q

This is a series of events from the time a cell forms until its cytoplasm divides,

A

THE CELL CYCLE

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6
Q

What are the THREE (3) PHASES of THE CELL CYCLE?

A

1) INTERPHASE
2) MITOSIS
3) CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION

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7
Q

This is the interval between mitotic divisions when a cell grows, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components and replicates its DNA.

A

INTERPHASE

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8
Q

This is growth before DNA replication; the cell is metabolizing and growing in preparation for cell division!

A

G1 or 1st Interval (gap)

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9
Q

This is when DNA replication or when the DNA is being synthesized!

A

S or Interval of Synthesis

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10
Q

This is when the cell prepares to divide and produce a large amount of proteins need for division!

A

G2 or 2nd Interval (gap)

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11
Q

There are ______________ for the cell cycle in G1. If these are not removed, the division will not occur.

A

MOLECULAR BREAKS

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12
Q

Different types of cells proceed through the cell cycle at ___________ rates.

A

DIFFERENT

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13
Q

This regulate the cell cycle at different points!

A

GENE EXPRESSION CONTROLS

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14
Q

Loss of cell cycle controls result in ?

A

CANCER

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15
Q

The cell cycle has built-in __________ that allow problems to be corrected before the cycle advances.

A

CHECKPOINTS

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16
Q

These are gene expression controls that advance, delay, or block the cell cycle in response to internal and external conditions.

A

CHECKPOINT GENE PRODUCTS

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17
Q

In what CHEKPOINT is cell growth assessed at?

A

G1 CHECKPOINT

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18
Q

In what CHECKPOINT is DNA replication assessed at?

A

G2 CHECKPOINT

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19
Q

In what CHECKPOINT is mitosis assessed at?

A

M CHECKPOINT

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20
Q

Checkpoint genes whose products inhibit meiosis are called?

A

TUMOR SUPPRESSORS

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21
Q

Disruption of checkpoint gene products, such as by ________ or _______, causes _____ that may end up as ________.

A

MUTATIONS; VIRUSES; TUMORS; CANCER

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22
Q

Failure of cell cycle checkpoints results in the uncontrolled cell divisions that characterize ______.

A

CANCER

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23
Q

What gene plays a key role in the G1 checkpoint of cell division?

A

P53 GENE

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24
Q

This gene product, monitors the integrity of DNA.

A

P53 PROTEIN

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25
Q

If DNA is _______, the protein halts cell division and stimulates _______ ________.

A

DAMAGED; REPAIR; ENZYMES

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26
Q

If the P53 GENE is mutated, what happens?

A
  • CANCEROUS CELLS REPEATEDLY DIVIDE
  • NO STOPPING AT THE G1 CHECKPOINT
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27
Q

Normal or Abnormal P53?

Scenario:

Step 1: DNA Damage is caused by heat, radiation, or chemicals.

Step 2: Cell division stops, and p53 triggers enzymes to repair damaged region.

Step 3: p53 triggers the destruction of cells damaged beyond repair.

A

NORMAL p53

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28
Q

Normal or Abnormal P53?

Scenario:

Step 1: DNA Damage is caused by heat, radiation, or chemicals.

Step 2: The p53 protein fails to stop cell division and repair DNA. Cell divides without repair to damaged DNA.

Step 3: Damaged cells continue to divide. If other damage accumulates, the cell can turn cancerous.

A

ABNORMAL

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29
Q

Moles and other tumors are __________.

A

NEOPLASMS

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30
Q

This type of mole is noncancerous.

A

BENIGN NEOPLASM

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31
Q

This occurs when abnormally dividing cells disrupt body tissues, physically and metabolically,

A

MALIGNANT NEOPLASM (CANCER)

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32
Q

Malignant neoplasms can_____ ____ and _____ other tissues (________).

A

BREAK FREE; INVADE; METASTASIZE

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33
Q

A fertilized egg, zygote, divided by ?

A

MITOSIS

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34
Q

The fetus grows and develops into a mature adult consisting of _______ ______.

A

COUNTLESS CELLS

35
Q

Cells reproduce by dividing into two new cells with identical genetic materials and a share of the _____ _________ and its contents.

A

PARENTAL CYTOPLASM

36
Q

Each descendant cell receives a set of ________ and some cytoplasm.

A

CHROMOSOMES

37
Q

In eukaryotic cells, which divides first?

A

NUCLEUS FIRST; CYTOPLASM AFTER

38
Q

Cell division follows TWO (2) BASIC PROCESSES OF DIVIDING the nuclear contents!

A

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

39
Q

This is a conservatice nuclear division that produces idetical daughter nuclei.

40
Q

This process is used for increasing body size and cell replacement.

41
Q

Some animals, plants, protists, and fungi reproduce asexually using this as a mechanism.

42
Q

This is a reductive nuclear division that produces FOUR (4) UNIQUE daughter cells with half of the original genetic materials and is the basis for sexual reproduction.

43
Q

Were first observed by the German embryologist Walther Fleming in 1882.

A

CHROMOSOMES

44
Q

Who was the first to observe chrromosomes?

A

GERMAN EMBRYOLOGIST WALTHER FLEMING (1882)

45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The number of chromosomes varies enormously from species to species.

46
Q

A species with only one (1) pair of chromosomes.

A

AUSTRALIAN ANT MYRMECIA spp.

47
Q

Chromosomes exist in ______ cells as pairs: _____________ chromosomes or ___________

A

SOMATIC; HOMOLOGUS; HOMOLOGUES

48
Q

These cells have two (2) copies of each chromosomes!

49
Q

What does a replicated chromosomes consist?

A

TWO SISTER CHROMATIDS held together at the CENTROMERE.

50
Q

Chromosomes are composed of?

51
Q

This is a complex of DNA (40%) and PROTEINS (~60%)

52
Q

A typical human chromosome contains about how many nucleotides in its DNA?

A

140 million nucleotides

53
Q

At the end of interphase, a cells’ duplicated chromosomes condense tightly in preparation for nuclear division or?

54
Q

What are the FOUR (4) STAGES of MITOSIS?

A

1) PROPHASE
2) METAPHASE
3) ANAPHASE
4) TELOPHASE

55
Q

Identify this PHASE in MITOSIS

  • Chromosomes condense and spindle forms
  • Nuclear envelope break up
  • Spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes
56
Q

This is a dynamically assembled and disassembled array of microtubules that moves chromosomes during nuclear division.

57
Q

Identify this PHASE in MITOSIS

  • Duplicated homologous chromosomes LINE UP at the SPINDLE EQUATOR (halfway between spindle poles)
  • Sister chromatids begin to move apart toward opposite spindle poles.
58
Q

Identify this PHASE in MITOSIS

  • Microtubules SEPARATE the sister chromatids of each chromosome and pull them toward opposite spindle poles!
  • Each DNA molecule is now a separate chromosome!
59
Q

Identify this PHASE in MITOSIS

  • TWO (2) CLUSTERS of chromosomes arrive at the spindle pores and de-condense; a new nuclei form.
60
Q

At this point, NUCLEAR ENVELOPES form around the two cluster of chromosomes, forming two new nuclei with the parental chromosome number.

A

END OF MITOSIS

61
Q

A cell’s __________ usually divides after mitosis, forming two cells, each with its own nucleus.

62
Q

Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from two parents and inherit genes from both!

A

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

63
Q

This is the scientific study of heredity and variation.

64
Q

This is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next!

65
Q

This is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings.

66
Q

Meiosis occur in immature reproductive cells ___________ of sexually reproducing eukaryotes, forming male and female haploid gametes.

A

GERM CELLS

67
Q

This is a mature, haploid reproductive cell.

68
Q

Having one of each type of chromosome characteristics of the species.

A

HAPLOID (n)

69
Q

This sorts the chromosomes into nuclei twice.

A

MEIOSIS; MEIOSIS 1 AND 2

70
Q

Duplicated chromosomes of a diploid nucleus (2n) are distributed into four haploid nuclei (n)

71
Q

This is where sperm originate.

72
Q

This where eggs develop.

73
Q

Diploid number is restored at __________.

A

FERTILIZATION

74
Q

Fusion of a sperm nucleus and an egg nucleus, resulting in a single-celled zygote.

A

FERTILIZATION

75
Q

Two nuclear visions halve the parental chromosome number.

76
Q
  • Diploid (2n) cell formed by fusion of gametes
    – First cell of a new individual, with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
77
Q

This shuffles parental combinations of alleles, introducing ___________ in offspring.

A

MEIOSIS; VARIATION

78
Q

When does “CROSSINMG OVER” occur in MEIOSIS?

A

PROPHASE I

79
Q

When does “RANDOM ASSORTMENT” occur?

A

METAPHASE I

80
Q

Identify what phase in MEIOSIS is this:

  • In the first nuclear division, duplicated homologous chromosomes line up and cross over, then move apart, toward opposite spindle poles.
  • Two new nuclear envelopes form around the two clusters of still-duplicated chromosomes.
81
Q

This is the recombination between non-sister chromatids of homologous combinations of parental alleles.

A

CROSSING OVER

82
Q

Homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segment during what phase of meiosis?

A

PROPHASE I

83
Q
  • The second nuclear division separates sister chromatids.
  • FOUR (4) HAPLOID nuclei typically form, each with one complete set of unduplicated chromosomes.
A

MEIOSIS II

ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) (12 decks)

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