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ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) > Q#2 - CHEMISTRY OF LIFE PT.2 > Flashcards

Q#2 - CHEMISTRY OF LIFE PT.2 Flashcards

1
Q

This is the molecule that SUPPORTS all of LIFE.

A

WATER

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2
Q
  • Water is a ________ ________ on Earth.
  • All living organisms require water more than
    any other substance
A

BIOLOGICAL MEDIUM

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3
Q
  • Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about __________ water.
A

70-95%

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4
Q

The ________ of water is the main reason the Earth is habitable.

A

ABUNDANCE

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5
Q
  • The ____________ that hold water molecules together give water a collection of important unique properties.
  • These ________ properties of water make it essential for all life.
A

HYDROGEN BONDS; EMERGENT

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6
Q

Is water POLAR or NON-POLAR?

A

POLAR MOLECULES

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Water molecules are polar molecules, thus form hydrogen bonds with each other and with other polar molecules.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Each hydrogen bond is very STRONG.

A

FALSE, very weak

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9
Q

The ___________ effect of enormous numbers of hydrogen bonds can make them quite strong.

A

CUMULATIVE

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10
Q

This is responsible for the many of the physical properties of water.

A

HYDROGEN BONDING

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11
Q

Between molecules of the SURFACE of liquid water give it HIGH SURFACE TENSION.

A

COHESION

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12
Q

Water molecules also form HYDROGEN BONDS with other molecules, a property called?

A

ADHESION

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13
Q

________ of the water to cell walls by hydrogen bonds help resist the downward pull of gravity.

A

ADHESION

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14
Q

_________ due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules helps hold together their column of water within the cells.

A

COHESION

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15
Q

FIX THIS SEQUENCE:

Evaporating molecules pull water up the stem.
Water molecules are pulled into roots.
Water evaporates through pores in leaves.

A

1 - Water evaporates through pores in leaves.
2 - Evaporating molecules pull water up the stem.
3 - Water molecules are pulled into roots.

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16
Q

Water is an excellent ______.

A

SOLVENT

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17
Q

Water dissolves ____________ (water-______”) substances (e.h. Polar solutes and ions)

A

HYDROPHYLLIC; WATER-LOVING

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18
Q

The ______ of water molecules helps water dissolve most biologically important molecules, since many of them are hydrophilic.

A

POLARITY

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19
Q

Water _______ temperature.

A

REGULATES

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20
Q

1.) HEAT STORAGE
- A large input of ________ energy is required to
disrupt the organization of liquid water.
- This _______ temperature changes

A

THERMAL; MINIMIZES

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21
Q

2.)
- At HIGH TEMPERATURES, hydrogen bonds ______.
- Water is changed into vapor!

A

HIGH HEAT VAPORIZATION; BREAK

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22
Q

Water _______ when it FREEZES.

A

EXPANDS

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23
Q
  • _____________ make water molecules spread out as it freezes into ice (expands)
  • This is why ICE is LESS DENSE than liquid water, and the ice floats to the top.
A

HYDROGEN BONDS

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24
Q
  • In large bodies of water, a TOP LAYER OF ICE provides __________ and keeps the rest from freezing underneath.
  • Thus it is possible for aquatic life to survive in the winter.
A

INSULATION

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25
Q

Water ________…
- Covalent bonds within a water molecule sometimes break _________.

A

IONIZES; SPONTANEOUSLY

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26
Q

2 H2O -> H3O+ (HYDRONIUM ION) + OH- (HYDROXIDE ION)
The process of spontaneous ion formation is called?

A

IONIZATION

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27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

  • Ionization is not common because of the STRENGTH of IONIC BONDS.
A

FALSE; COVALENT BONDS

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28
Q

A convenient way to express the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

A

pH = -log[H+]

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29
Q

The pH scale is __________.
- The difference of ONE UNIT represents a TEN-FOLD CHANGE in H+ concentration.

A

TRUE

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30
Q

Dissociates in water to INCREASE H+ concentration.

A

ACID

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31
Q

Combines with H+ when dissolved in water

A

BASE

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32
Q
  • Release hydrogen ions (H+)
  • Are proton DONORS
A

ACID

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33
Q
  • Release hydroxyl ions (OH-)
  • Are protein ACCEPTORS
A

BASES

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34
Q

Acids and bases REACT to form WATER and a SALT.

A

NEUTRALIZATION REACTION

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35
Q

This is the MOLECULE of LIFE.

A

DNA -Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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36
Q

How many are HUMAN chromosomes?

A

46 HUMAN CHROMOSOMES

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37
Q

How long is the DNA?

A

2 METERS

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38
Q

How many DNA subunits (the bases: A,T,C,G)

A

3 BILLION

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39
Q

How many are the approximate gene codes for proteins that perform most life functions?

A

30,000 GENES CODE

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40
Q
A
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41
Q

All living things are made up of four (4) classes of large biological molecules. Enumerate them.

A
  1. CARBOHYDRATES
  2. LIPIDS
  3. PROTEINS
  4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
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41
Q

An ______________ contains carbon & _________. With carbon forming chain becomes its backbone.

A

ORGANIC MOLECULE; HYDROGEN

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42
Q

These are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms.

A

MACROMOLECULES

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43
Q

Molecular ______ and _______ are inseparable.

A

STRUCTURE; FUNCTION

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44
Q

This element is the BACKBONE of LIFE.

A

CARBON

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45
Q

It is unparalleled in its ability to form LARGE, COMPLEX, and DIVERSE molecules.

A

CARBON

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46
Q

Organic molecules are made up of ________ _________.

A

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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47
Q

They are the COMPONENTS of organic molecules that
are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.

A

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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48
Q

The _________ and ___________ of
functional groups give each molecule its unique properties

A

NUMBER & ARRANGEMENT

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49
Q

What functional groups are found in PROTEINS?

A

CARBOXYL; AMINO

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50
Q

What functional group is found in CARBOHYDRATES?

A

HYDROXYL

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51
Q

What functional group is found in LIPIDS?

A

CARBONYL

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52
Q

What functional group is found in DNA, ATP?

A

PHOSPHATE

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53
Q

These are POLYMERS, built from MONOMERS.

A

MACROMOLECULES

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54
Q

This is a LONG molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called MONOMERS.

A

POLYMER

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55
Q

Three of the four (4) classes of life’s ORGANIC MOLECULES are POLYMERS. Enumerate these four.

A

CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS

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56
Q

Macromolecules are made by a process termed:

A

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

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57
Q

Macromolecules are broken down by a process termed

A

HYDROLYSIS

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58
Q

Both DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS and HYDROLYSIS require;

A

ENZYMES

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59
Q

Organic molecules are in our _______.

A

FOOD

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60
Q

What organic molecules are common in our diets?

A

CARBOHYDRATES; PROTEIN; FATS

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61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Some organic molecules are considered “healthy” while others are associated with obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.

A

TRUE

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62
Q

What type of carbohydrate is this?

  • Chemical structure: Monosaccharides & Disaccharides
  • They provide quick energy.
A

SIMPLE SUGARS

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63
Q

What type of carbohydrate is this?

-CS: Polysaccharides (polymers of monosaccharides)
- Support cells and organisms (cellulose, chitin)
- Store energy (starch, glycogen)

A

COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES

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64
Q

What molecule is this?

  • Polymers of amino acids
  • Carry out nearly all the work in the cell.
A

PROTEINS

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65
Q

What molecule is this?

  • Polymers of nucleotides.
  • Store and use genetic information and transmit it to the next generation.
A

NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA)

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66
Q

What type of lipid is this?

  • Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
  • Store energy
A

TRICYLYCERIDES (FATS)

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67
Q

What type of lipid is this?

  • Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
  • Form major part of biological membranes.
A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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68
Q

What type of lipid is this?

  • Four fused rings, mostly of C and H
  • Stabilize animal membranes; sex hormones
A

STEROIDS

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69
Q

Serve as FUEL & BUILDING materials.

A

CARBOHYDRATES

70
Q
  • include both sugars and polymers of sugars.
  • molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a _________ ratio. `
A

CARBOHYDRATES; 1:2:1 ratio

71
Q

These are the simplest carbohydrates.

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

72
Q

Monosaccharides are also known as?

A

SIMPLE SUGARS

73
Q

These are DOUBLE SUGARS, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond called _______.

A

DISACCHARIDES; GLYCOSIDIC

74
Q

Carbohydrates also include macromolecules called ___________, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks. They provide energy and building blocks.

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

75
Q

This carbohydrate consists of long polymers of sugar subunits,

A

COMPLEX CARBOHYRATES OR POLYSACCHARIDES

76
Q

This polysaccharide provides energy storage in PLANTS.

A

STARCH

77
Q

This polysaccharide provides energy storage in ANIMALS.

A

GLYCOGEN

78
Q

This polysaccharide is found in the cell walls of PLANTS.

A

CELLULOSE

79
Q

This polysaccharide is found in the cell walls oF FUNGI.

A

CHITIN

80
Q

This forms the exoskeleton of arthropods and is used to make strong and flexible surgical thread.

A

CHITIN

81
Q

Define HFCS.

A

HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP

82
Q

These are HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES.

A

LIPIDS

83
Q

These are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers.

A

LIPIDS

84
Q
  • These are large NONPOLAR molecules that are INSOLUBLE in water.
  • The unifying feature of thesee molecules is having little or no affinity for water.
A

LIPIDS

85
Q

Lipids are hydrophobic because it is composed mostly of __________, which form nonpolar covalent bonds.

A

HYDROCARBONS

86
Q

What are the FOUR (4) MAJOR TYPES of LIPIDS?

A
  1. FATS
  2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
  3. STEROIDS
  4. PGMENTS
87
Q

These are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

A

FATS

88
Q

This is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon.

A

GLYCEROL

89
Q

This consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton.

A

FATTY ACID

90
Q

These are used for LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE.

A

FAT

91
Q

Also called TRIGLYCERIDES or TRIACYLGLYCEROL and composed of three fatty acid chains linked to glycerol.

A

FAT

92
Q

Vary in length (number of carbons) and
in the number and locations of double bonds

A

FATTY ACIDS

93
Q

These fatty acids have the MAXIMUM number of hydrogen atoms possible and NO DOUBLE BONDS.

A

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

94
Q

These fatty acids have ONE or MORE DOUBLE BONDS.

A

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

95
Q

Fats made from saturated fatty acids are called:

A

SATURATED FATS

96
Q

Saturated fats are _____ at room temperature.

A

SOLID

97
Q

Most animal fats are ______.

A

SATURATED

98
Q

Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called:

A

UNSATURATED FATS or OILS

99
Q

Unsaturated fats are ____ at room temperature.

A

LIQUID

100
Q

Plant fats and fish fats are usually:

A

UNSATURATED

100
Q

Trans fats are the ________ of fats.

A

HYDROGENATION

100
Q

A diet rich in saturated fats may contribute to cardiovascular disease through ________ ________.

A

PLAQUE DEPOSITS

101
Q

This is the process of converting unsaturated fats to
saturated fats by adding hydrogen.

A

HYDROGENATION

102
Q

Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans _______ bonds.

A

DOUBLE

103
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

-Trans fats may contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease.

A

TRUE

104
Q

These are lipids that are components of the cell membrane.

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

105
Q

One of the three fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate and a small polar functional group.

A

MODIFIED FAT

106
Q

A phospholipid has a _______ (polar) head and two _______ (nonpolar) tails.

A

HYDROPHILIC; HYDROPHOBIC

107
Q

These are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

A

STEROIDS

108
Q

Steroids and their metabolites are used as ___________ molecules, e.g. steroid hormones.

A

SIGNALING

109
Q

This is an important steroid, a component in animal ell membranes.

A

CHOLESTEROL

110
Q

Although this is essential in animals, high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease.

A

CHOLESTEROL

111
Q

State FOUR (4) examples of steroids;

A
  1. CHOLESTEROL
  2. SEX HORMONES (ESTROGEN. PROGESTERON & TESTOSTERONE)
  3. CORTISONE/CORTISOL
  4. ANABOLIC STEROIDS
112
Q

These are the hormones that signal the body to produce/manifest secondary sexual characteristics.

A

SEX HORMONES

112
Q

Made up of subunits called amino acids

A

PROTEINS

112
Q

Subunits of proteins.

A

AMINO ACIDS

112
Q

What type of protein is this?

  • Storage of amino acids.
    *Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo.
    *Caesin, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals.
    *Plants have storage proteins in their seeds.
A

STORAGE PROTEINS

113
Q

How many are the common amino acids that fall into one of four general groups?

A

20

113
Q

What type of protein is this?

  • Selective acceleration of chemical reactions.
    Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the polymers in food.
A

ENZYMATIC PROTEINS

114
Q
A
114
Q

What type of protein is this?

  • Function is support.
    Example:
    *Insects and spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons and webs, respectively.
    *Collagen and elastin provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues.
    *Keratin is the protein of hair, horns, feathers, and other skin appendages.
A

STRUCTURAL PROTEINS

115
Q
A
116
Q

What type of protein is this?

-Transport of other substances.
*Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body.
*Other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes.

A

TRANSPORT PROTEINS

117
Q

What type of protein is this?

  • Coordination of an organism’s activities.
    *Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, helps regulate the concentration of sugar in the blood of vertebrates.
A

HORMONAL PROTEINS

118
Q

What type of protein is this?

-Response of cell to chemical stimuli.
*Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect chemical signals released by other nerve cells.

A

RECEPTOR PROTEINS

119
Q

What type of protein is this?

-Function is for movement.
*Actin and myosin are responsible for the contraction of muscles.
*Other proteins are responsible for the undulations of the organelles called cilia and flagella.

A

CONTRACTILE AND MOTOR PROTEINS

120
Q

What type of protein is this?

-Protection against disease.
*Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses.

A

DEFENSIVE PROTEINS

121
Q

Two classes of PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

A

STRUCTUREL; GLOBULAR

122
Q

A protein structure that has LONG CABLES and PROVIDE SHAPE/STRENGTH.

A

STRUCTURAL

123
Q

A protein structure that has GROOVES and DEPRESSIONS; ENZYMES

A

GLOBULAR

124
Q

The protein structure is determined by the _______ of its ____________________.

A

SEQUENCE; AMINO ACIDS

125
Q

What are the four (4) general levels of protein structures?

A
  1. PRIMARY
  2. SECONDARY
  3. TERTIARY
  4. QUATERNARY
126
Q

This is the sequence of amino acids in a protein, is like the order of letters in a long word.

A

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

127
Q

Primary structure is determined by _________ __________ __________.

A

INHERITED GENETIC INFORMATION

128
Q

This structure has COILS and FOLDS due to the hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone,
*Becomes the phrases or combination of words

A

SECONDARY STRUCTURE

129
Q

Typical secondary structures are a coil called a ___________ and a folded structure called a _____________..

A

a HELIX; B PLEATED SHEET

130
Q

This is determined by interactions between R groups, rather than interactions between backbone constituents.
*Like sentences composed of phrases

A

TERTIARY STRUCTURE

131
Q

What do the interactions between R groups include in the Tertiary Structure?

A
  1. HYDROGEN BONDS
  2. IONIC BONDS
  3. HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS
  4. van der Waals INTERACTIONS
132
Q

Results when TWO or MORE polypeptide chains form one macromolecule.
*NOW BECOME PARAGRAPHS

A

QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE

133
Q

This is a fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope.

A

COLLAGEN

134
Q

This is a globular protein consisting of FOUR POLYPEPTIDES; two alpha and two beta chains.

A

HEMOGLOBIN

135
Q

Changes in a protein’s environment can cause a protein to ____________.

A

DENATURE

136
Q

This is when a protein loses its three-dimensional structure and becomes inactive.

A

DENATURE

137
Q

This is the GENETIC MATERIAL found within the cell’s nucleus,

A

DNA

138
Q

The DNA provides instructions for every protein the body. It is organized by __________ _________ to form a double-stranded helix.

A

COMPLIMENTARY BASES

139
Q

The DNA contains the sugar _____________ and the bases _____________, ____________, and _______________ & ___________ (RNA)

A

DEOXYRIBOSE; ADENINE THYMINE; CYTOSINEL GUANINE; URACIL

140
Q

When does the DNA replicate, before or after cell division?

A

BEFORE

141
Q

What are the TWO varieties of NUCLEIC ACIDS?

A
  1. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
  2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
142
Q

Match:

Sugar
DNA: Deoxyribose, RNA:_____________

A

RIBOSE

143
Q

Match

Bases
RNA - A,G,C,______ ; DNA - A,G,C, ______

A

RNA - U
DNA - T

144
Q

RNA is single or double stranded?

A

SINGLE

145
Q

DNA is single or double stranded?

A

DOUBLE

146
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A

There is hydrogen bonding between the base pairs

147
Q

These organize DNA structurally and allow chromosomes to pack tightly.

A

PROTEINS

148
Q

This is a type of protein that structurally organizes EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES.

A

HISTONE

149
Q

This the length of DNA wound around a spool of histone proteins.

A

NUCLEOSOME

150
Q

A eukaryotic cell’s DNA is divided into a characteristic number of ______________.

A

CHROMOSOMES

151
Q

This is the sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type.

A

CHROMOSOME NUMBER

152
Q

What is the chromosome number of humans?

A

46

153
Q

These are cells having two of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species (2n)

A

DIPLOID

154
Q

What is the chromosome number of CATS?

A

38

155
Q

What is the chromosome number of POTATO?

A

48

156
Q

What is the chromosome number of PINEAPLE?

A

50

157
Q

What is the chromosome number of COW?

A

60

158
Q

What is the chromosome number of DOG?

A

78

159
Q

What is the chromosome number of VIZCACHA RAT?

A

102

160
Q

What is the chromosome number of HORSETAIL?

A

216

161
Q

What is the chromosome number of ADDER’S TONGUE FERN?

A

1200

162
Q

What is the chromosome number of FRUIT FLY?

A

8

163
Q

What is the chromosome number of AMOEBA?

A

13

164
Q

What is the chromosome number of GARDEN PEA?

A

14

165
Q

What is the chromosome number of FROG?

A

26

ZOOLOGY (LECTURE) (12 decks)

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