Q#2 - CHEMISTRY OF LIFE PT.2 Flashcards
1
Q
This is the molecule that SUPPORTS all of LIFE.
A
WATER
2
Q
- Water is a ________ ________ on Earth.
- All living organisms require water more than
any other substance
A
BIOLOGICAL MEDIUM
3
Q
- Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about __________ water.
A
70-95%
4
Q
The ________ of water is the main reason the Earth is habitable.
A
ABUNDANCE
5
Q
- The ____________ that hold water molecules together give water a collection of important unique properties.
- These ________ properties of water make it essential for all life.
A
HYDROGEN BONDS; EMERGENT
6
Q
Is water POLAR or NON-POLAR?
A
POLAR MOLECULES
7
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
Water molecules are polar molecules, thus form hydrogen bonds with each other and with other polar molecules.
A
TRUE
8
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
Each hydrogen bond is very STRONG.
A
FALSE, very weak
9
Q
The ___________ effect of enormous numbers of hydrogen bonds can make them quite strong.
A
CUMULATIVE
10
Q
This is responsible for the many of the physical properties of water.
A
HYDROGEN BONDING
11
Q
Between molecules of the SURFACE of liquid water give it HIGH SURFACE TENSION.
A
COHESION
12
Q
Water molecules also form HYDROGEN BONDS with other molecules, a property called?
A
ADHESION
13
Q
________ of the water to cell walls by hydrogen bonds help resist the downward pull of gravity.
A
ADHESION
14
Q
_________ due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules helps hold together their column of water within the cells.
A
COHESION
15
Q
FIX THIS SEQUENCE:
Evaporating molecules pull water up the stem.
Water molecules are pulled into roots.
Water evaporates through pores in leaves.
A
1 - Water evaporates through pores in leaves.
2 - Evaporating molecules pull water up the stem.
3 - Water molecules are pulled into roots.
16
Q
Water is an excellent ______.
A
SOLVENT
17
Q
Water dissolves ____________ (water-______”) substances (e.h. Polar solutes and ions)
A
HYDROPHYLLIC; WATER-LOVING
18
Q
The ______ of water molecules helps water dissolve most biologically important molecules, since many of them are hydrophilic.
A
POLARITY
19
Q
Water _______ temperature.
A
REGULATES
20
Q
1.) HEAT STORAGE
- A large input of ________ energy is required to
disrupt the organization of liquid water.
- This _______ temperature changes
A
THERMAL; MINIMIZES
21
Q
2.)
- At HIGH TEMPERATURES, hydrogen bonds ______.
- Water is changed into vapor!
A
HIGH HEAT VAPORIZATION; BREAK
22
Q
Water _______ when it FREEZES.
A
EXPANDS
23
Q
- _____________ make water molecules spread out as it freezes into ice (expands)
- This is why ICE is LESS DENSE than liquid water, and the ice floats to the top.
A
HYDROGEN BONDS
24
Q
- In large bodies of water, a TOP LAYER OF ICE provides __________ and keeps the rest from freezing underneath.
- Thus it is possible for aquatic life to survive in the winter.
A
INSULATION
25
Water ________...
- Covalent bonds within a water molecule sometimes break _________.
IONIZES; SPONTANEOUSLY
26
2 H2O -> H3O+ (HYDRONIUM ION) + OH- (HYDROXIDE ION)
The process of spontaneous ion formation is called?
IONIZATION
27
TRUE OR FALSE
- Ionization is not common because of the STRENGTH of IONIC BONDS.
FALSE; COVALENT BONDS
28
A convenient way to express the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
pH = -log[H+]
29
The pH scale is __________.
- The difference of ONE UNIT represents a TEN-FOLD CHANGE in H+ concentration.
TRUE
30
Dissociates in water to INCREASE H+ concentration.
ACID
31
Combines with H+ when dissolved in water
BASE
32
- Release hydrogen ions (H+)
- Are proton DONORS
ACID
33
- Release hydroxyl ions (OH-)
- Are protein ACCEPTORS
BASES
34
Acids and bases REACT to form WATER and a SALT.
NEUTRALIZATION REACTION
35
This is the MOLECULE of LIFE.
DNA -Deoxyribonucleic Acid
36
How many are HUMAN chromosomes?
46 HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
37
How long is the DNA?
2 METERS
38
How many DNA subunits (the bases: A,T,C,G)
3 BILLION
39
How many are the approximate gene codes for proteins that perform most life functions?
30,000 GENES CODE
40
41
All living things are made up of four (4) classes of large biological molecules. Enumerate them.
1. CARBOHYDRATES
2. LIPIDS
3. PROTEINS
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
41
An ______________ contains carbon & _________. With carbon forming chain becomes its backbone.
ORGANIC MOLECULE; HYDROGEN
42
These are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms.
MACROMOLECULES
43
Molecular ______ and _______ are inseparable.
STRUCTURE; FUNCTION
44
This element is the BACKBONE of LIFE.
CARBON
45
It is unparalleled in its ability to form LARGE, COMPLEX, and DIVERSE molecules.
CARBON
46
Organic molecules are made up of ________ _________.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
47
They are the COMPONENTS of organic molecules that
are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
48
The _________ and ___________ of
functional groups give each molecule its unique properties
NUMBER & ARRANGEMENT
49
What functional groups are found in PROTEINS?
CARBOXYL; AMINO
50
What functional group is found in CARBOHYDRATES?
HYDROXYL
51
What functional group is found in LIPIDS?
CARBONYL
52
What functional group is found in DNA, ATP?
PHOSPHATE
53
These are POLYMERS, built from MONOMERS.
MACROMOLECULES
54
This is a LONG molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called MONOMERS.
POLYMER
55
Three of the four (4) classes of life's ORGANIC MOLECULES are POLYMERS. Enumerate these four.
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
56
Macromolecules are made by a process termed:
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
57
Macromolecules are broken down by a process termed
HYDROLYSIS
58
Both DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS and HYDROLYSIS require;
ENZYMES
59
Organic molecules are in our _______.
FOOD
60
What organic molecules are common in our diets?
CARBOHYDRATES; PROTEIN; FATS
61
TRUE OR FALSE:
Some organic molecules are considered "healthy" while others are associated with obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.
TRUE
62
What type of carbohydrate is this?
- Chemical structure: Monosaccharides & Disaccharides
- They provide quick energy.
SIMPLE SUGARS
63
What type of carbohydrate is this?
-CS: Polysaccharides (polymers of monosaccharides)
- Support cells and organisms (cellulose, chitin)
- Store energy (starch, glycogen)
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
64
What molecule is this?
- Polymers of amino acids
- Carry out nearly all the work in the cell.
PROTEINS
65
What molecule is this?
- Polymers of nucleotides.
- Store and use genetic information and transmit it to the next generation.
NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA)
66
What type of lipid is this?
- Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- Store energy
TRICYLYCERIDES (FATS)
67
What type of lipid is this?
- Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
- Form major part of biological membranes.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
68
What type of lipid is this?
- Four fused rings, mostly of C and H
- Stabilize animal membranes; sex hormones
STEROIDS
69
Serve as FUEL & BUILDING materials.
CARBOHYDRATES
70
- include both sugars and polymers of sugars.
- molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a _________ ratio. `
CARBOHYDRATES; 1:2:1 ratio
71
These are the simplest carbohydrates.
MONOSACCHARIDES
72
Monosaccharides are also known as?
SIMPLE SUGARS
73
These are DOUBLE SUGARS, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond called _______.
DISACCHARIDES; GLYCOSIDIC
74
Carbohydrates also include macromolecules called ___________, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks. They provide energy and building blocks.
POLYSACCHARIDES
75
This carbohydrate consists of long polymers of sugar subunits,
COMPLEX CARBOHYRATES OR POLYSACCHARIDES
76
This polysaccharide provides energy storage in PLANTS.
STARCH
77
This polysaccharide provides energy storage in ANIMALS.
GLYCOGEN
78
This polysaccharide is found in the cell walls of PLANTS.
CELLULOSE
79
This polysaccharide is found in the cell walls oF FUNGI.
CHITIN
80
This forms the exoskeleton of arthropods and is used to make strong and flexible surgical thread.
CHITIN
81
Define HFCS.
HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP
82
These are HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES.
LIPIDS
83
These are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers.
LIPIDS
84
- These are large NONPOLAR molecules that are INSOLUBLE in water.
- The unifying feature of thesee molecules is having little or no affinity for water.
LIPIDS
85
Lipids are hydrophobic because it is composed mostly of __________, which form nonpolar covalent bonds.
HYDROCARBONS
86
What are the FOUR (4) MAJOR TYPES of LIPIDS?
1. FATS
2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
3. STEROIDS
4. PGMENTS
87
These are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
FATS
88
This is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon.
GLYCEROL
89
This consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton.
FATTY ACID
90
These are used for LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE.
FAT
91
Also called TRIGLYCERIDES or TRIACYLGLYCEROL and composed of three fatty acid chains linked to glycerol.
FAT
92
Vary in length (number of carbons) and
in the number and locations of double bonds
FATTY ACIDS
93
These fatty acids have the MAXIMUM number of hydrogen atoms possible and NO DOUBLE BONDS.
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
94
These fatty acids have ONE or MORE DOUBLE BONDS.
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
95
Fats made from saturated fatty acids are called:
SATURATED FATS
96
Saturated fats are _____ at room temperature.
SOLID
97
Most animal fats are ______.
SATURATED
98
Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called:
UNSATURATED FATS or OILS
99
Unsaturated fats are ____ at room temperature.
LIQUID
100
Plant fats and fish fats are usually:
UNSATURATED
100
Trans fats are the ________ of fats.
HYDROGENATION
100
A diet rich in saturated fats may contribute to cardiovascular disease through ________ ________.
PLAQUE DEPOSITS
101
This is the process of converting unsaturated fats to
saturated fats by adding hydrogen.
HYDROGENATION
102
Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans _______ bonds.
DOUBLE
103
TRUE OR FALSE
-Trans fats may contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease.
TRUE
104
These are lipids that are components of the cell membrane.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
105
One of the three fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate and a small polar functional group.
MODIFIED FAT
106
A phospholipid has a _______ (polar) head and two _______ (nonpolar) tails.
HYDROPHILIC; HYDROPHOBIC
107
These are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.
STEROIDS
108
Steroids and their metabolites are used as ___________ molecules, e.g. steroid hormones.
SIGNALING
109
This is an important steroid, a component in animal ell membranes.
CHOLESTEROL
110
Although this is essential in animals, high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease.
CHOLESTEROL
111
State FOUR (4) examples of steroids;
1. CHOLESTEROL
2. SEX HORMONES (ESTROGEN. PROGESTERON & TESTOSTERONE)
3. CORTISONE/CORTISOL
4. ANABOLIC STEROIDS
112
These are the hormones that signal the body to produce/manifest secondary sexual characteristics.
SEX HORMONES
112
Made up of subunits called amino acids
PROTEINS
112
Subunits of proteins.
AMINO ACIDS
112
What type of protein is this?
- Storage of amino acids.
*Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo.
*Caesin, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals.
*Plants have storage proteins in their seeds.
STORAGE PROTEINS
113
How many are the common amino acids that fall into one of four general groups?
20
113
What type of protein is this?
- Selective acceleration of chemical reactions.
Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the polymers in food.
ENZYMATIC PROTEINS
114
114
What type of protein is this?
- Function is support.
Example:
*Insects and spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons and webs, respectively.
*Collagen and elastin provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues.
*Keratin is the protein of hair, horns, feathers, and other skin appendages.
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
115
116
What type of protein is this?
-Transport of other substances.
*Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body.
*Other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS
117
What type of protein is this?
- Coordination of an organism's activities.
*Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, helps regulate the concentration of sugar in the blood of vertebrates.
HORMONAL PROTEINS
118
What type of protein is this?
-Response of cell to chemical stimuli.
*Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect chemical signals released by other nerve cells.
RECEPTOR PROTEINS
119
What type of protein is this?
-Function is for movement.
*Actin and myosin are responsible for the contraction of muscles.
*Other proteins are responsible for the undulations of the organelles called cilia and flagella.
CONTRACTILE AND MOTOR PROTEINS
120
What type of protein is this?
-Protection against disease.
*Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses.
DEFENSIVE PROTEINS
121
Two classes of PROTEIN STRUCTURE.
STRUCTUREL; GLOBULAR
122
A protein structure that has LONG CABLES and PROVIDE SHAPE/STRENGTH.
STRUCTURAL
123
A protein structure that has GROOVES and DEPRESSIONS; ENZYMES
GLOBULAR
124
The protein structure is determined by the _______ of its ____________________.
SEQUENCE; AMINO ACIDS
125
What are the four (4) general levels of protein structures?
1. PRIMARY
2. SECONDARY
3. TERTIARY
4. QUATERNARY
126
This is the sequence of amino acids in a protein, is like the order of letters in a long word.
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
127
Primary structure is determined by _________ __________ __________.
INHERITED GENETIC INFORMATION
128
This structure has COILS and FOLDS due to the hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone,
*Becomes the phrases or combination of words
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
129
Typical secondary structures are a coil called a ___________ and a folded structure called a _____________..
a HELIX; B PLEATED SHEET
130
This is determined by interactions between R groups, rather than interactions between backbone constituents.
*Like sentences composed of phrases
TERTIARY STRUCTURE
131
What do the interactions between R groups include in the Tertiary Structure?
1. HYDROGEN BONDS
2. IONIC BONDS
3. HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS
4. van der Waals INTERACTIONS
132
Results when TWO or MORE polypeptide chains form one macromolecule.
*NOW BECOME PARAGRAPHS
QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
133
This is a fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope.
COLLAGEN
134
This is a globular protein consisting of FOUR POLYPEPTIDES; two alpha and two beta chains.
HEMOGLOBIN
135
Changes in a protein's environment can cause a protein to ____________.
DENATURE
136
This is when a protein loses its three-dimensional structure and becomes inactive.
DENATURE
137
This is the GENETIC MATERIAL found within the cell's nucleus,
DNA
138
The DNA provides instructions for every protein the body. It is organized by __________ _________ to form a double-stranded helix.
COMPLIMENTARY BASES
139
The DNA contains the sugar _____________ and the bases _____________, ____________, and _______________ & ___________ (RNA)
DEOXYRIBOSE; ADENINE THYMINE; CYTOSINEL GUANINE; URACIL
140
When does the DNA replicate, before or after cell division?
BEFORE
141
What are the TWO varieties of NUCLEIC ACIDS?
1. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
142
Match:
Sugar
DNA: Deoxyribose, RNA:_____________
RIBOSE
143
Match
Bases
RNA - A,G,C,______ ; DNA - A,G,C, ______
RNA - U
DNA - T
144
RNA is single or double stranded?
SINGLE
145
DNA is single or double stranded?
DOUBLE
146
How does RNA differ from DNA?
There is hydrogen bonding between the base pairs
147
These organize DNA structurally and allow chromosomes to pack tightly.
PROTEINS
148
This is a type of protein that structurally organizes EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES.
HISTONE
149
This the length of DNA wound around a spool of histone proteins.
NUCLEOSOME
150
A eukaryotic cell's DNA is divided into a characteristic number of ______________.
CHROMOSOMES
151
This is the sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type.
CHROMOSOME NUMBER
152
What is the chromosome number of humans?
46
153
These are cells having two of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species (2n)
DIPLOID
154
What is the chromosome number of CATS?
38
155
What is the chromosome number of POTATO?
48
156
What is the chromosome number of PINEAPLE?
50
157
What is the chromosome number of COW?
60
158
What is the chromosome number of DOG?
78
159
What is the chromosome number of VIZCACHA RAT?
102
160
What is the chromosome number of HORSETAIL?
216
161
What is the chromosome number of ADDER'S TONGUE FERN?
1200
162
What is the chromosome number of FRUIT FLY?
8
163
What is the chromosome number of AMOEBA?
13
164
What is the chromosome number of GARDEN PEA?
14
165
What is the chromosome number of FROG?
26
