Q#2 - CHEMISTRY OF LIFE PT.2 Flashcards
This is the molecule that SUPPORTS all of LIFE.
WATER
- Water is a ________ ________ on Earth.
- All living organisms require water more than
any other substance
BIOLOGICAL MEDIUM
- Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about __________ water.
70-95%
The ________ of water is the main reason the Earth is habitable.
ABUNDANCE
- The ____________ that hold water molecules together give water a collection of important unique properties.
- These ________ properties of water make it essential for all life.
HYDROGEN BONDS; EMERGENT
Is water POLAR or NON-POLAR?
POLAR MOLECULES
TRUE OR FALSE
Water molecules are polar molecules, thus form hydrogen bonds with each other and with other polar molecules.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Each hydrogen bond is very STRONG.
FALSE, very weak
The ___________ effect of enormous numbers of hydrogen bonds can make them quite strong.
CUMULATIVE
This is responsible for the many of the physical properties of water.
HYDROGEN BONDING
Between molecules of the SURFACE of liquid water give it HIGH SURFACE TENSION.
COHESION
Water molecules also form HYDROGEN BONDS with other molecules, a property called?
ADHESION
________ of the water to cell walls by hydrogen bonds help resist the downward pull of gravity.
ADHESION
_________ due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules helps hold together their column of water within the cells.
COHESION
FIX THIS SEQUENCE:
Evaporating molecules pull water up the stem.
Water molecules are pulled into roots.
Water evaporates through pores in leaves.
1 - Water evaporates through pores in leaves.
2 - Evaporating molecules pull water up the stem.
3 - Water molecules are pulled into roots.
Water is an excellent ______.
SOLVENT
Water dissolves ____________ (water-______”) substances (e.h. Polar solutes and ions)
HYDROPHYLLIC; WATER-LOVING
The ______ of water molecules helps water dissolve most biologically important molecules, since many of them are hydrophilic.
POLARITY
Water _______ temperature.
REGULATES
1.) HEAT STORAGE
- A large input of ________ energy is required to
disrupt the organization of liquid water.
- This _______ temperature changes
THERMAL; MINIMIZES
2.)
- At HIGH TEMPERATURES, hydrogen bonds ______.
- Water is changed into vapor!
HIGH HEAT VAPORIZATION; BREAK
Water _______ when it FREEZES.
EXPANDS
- _____________ make water molecules spread out as it freezes into ice (expands)
- This is why ICE is LESS DENSE than liquid water, and the ice floats to the top.
HYDROGEN BONDS
- In large bodies of water, a TOP LAYER OF ICE provides __________ and keeps the rest from freezing underneath.
- Thus it is possible for aquatic life to survive in the winter.
INSULATION
Water ________…
- Covalent bonds within a water molecule sometimes break _________.
IONIZES; SPONTANEOUSLY
2 H2O -> H3O+ (HYDRONIUM ION) + OH- (HYDROXIDE ION)
The process of spontaneous ion formation is called?
IONIZATION
TRUE OR FALSE
- Ionization is not common because of the STRENGTH of IONIC BONDS.
FALSE; COVALENT BONDS
A convenient way to express the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
pH = -log[H+]
The pH scale is __________.
- The difference of ONE UNIT represents a TEN-FOLD CHANGE in H+ concentration.
TRUE
Dissociates in water to INCREASE H+ concentration.
ACID
Combines with H+ when dissolved in water
BASE
- Release hydrogen ions (H+)
- Are proton DONORS
ACID
- Release hydroxyl ions (OH-)
- Are protein ACCEPTORS
BASES
Acids and bases REACT to form WATER and a SALT.
NEUTRALIZATION REACTION
This is the MOLECULE of LIFE.
DNA -Deoxyribonucleic Acid
How many are HUMAN chromosomes?
46 HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
How long is the DNA?
2 METERS
How many DNA subunits (the bases: A,T,C,G)
3 BILLION
How many are the approximate gene codes for proteins that perform most life functions?
30,000 GENES CODE
All living things are made up of four (4) classes of large biological molecules. Enumerate them.
- CARBOHYDRATES
- LIPIDS
- PROTEINS
- NUCLEIC ACIDS
An ______________ contains carbon & _________. With carbon forming chain becomes its backbone.
ORGANIC MOLECULE; HYDROGEN
These are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms.
MACROMOLECULES
Molecular ______ and _______ are inseparable.
STRUCTURE; FUNCTION
This element is the BACKBONE of LIFE.
CARBON
It is unparalleled in its ability to form LARGE, COMPLEX, and DIVERSE molecules.
CARBON
Organic molecules are made up of ________ _________.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
They are the COMPONENTS of organic molecules that
are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
The _________ and ___________ of
functional groups give each molecule its unique properties
NUMBER & ARRANGEMENT
What functional groups are found in PROTEINS?
CARBOXYL; AMINO
What functional group is found in CARBOHYDRATES?
HYDROXYL
What functional group is found in LIPIDS?
CARBONYL
What functional group is found in DNA, ATP?
PHOSPHATE
These are POLYMERS, built from MONOMERS.
MACROMOLECULES
This is a LONG molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called MONOMERS.
POLYMER
Three of the four (4) classes of life’s ORGANIC MOLECULES are POLYMERS. Enumerate these four.
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Macromolecules are made by a process termed:
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
Macromolecules are broken down by a process termed
HYDROLYSIS
Both DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS and HYDROLYSIS require;
ENZYMES
Organic molecules are in our _______.
FOOD
What organic molecules are common in our diets?
CARBOHYDRATES; PROTEIN; FATS
TRUE OR FALSE:
Some organic molecules are considered “healthy” while others are associated with obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.
TRUE
What type of carbohydrate is this?
- Chemical structure: Monosaccharides & Disaccharides
- They provide quick energy.
SIMPLE SUGARS
What type of carbohydrate is this?
-CS: Polysaccharides (polymers of monosaccharides)
- Support cells and organisms (cellulose, chitin)
- Store energy (starch, glycogen)
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
What molecule is this?
- Polymers of amino acids
- Carry out nearly all the work in the cell.
PROTEINS
What molecule is this?
- Polymers of nucleotides.
- Store and use genetic information and transmit it to the next generation.
NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA)
What type of lipid is this?
- Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- Store energy
TRICYLYCERIDES (FATS)
What type of lipid is this?
- Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
- Form major part of biological membranes.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
What type of lipid is this?
- Four fused rings, mostly of C and H
- Stabilize animal membranes; sex hormones
STEROIDS
Serve as FUEL & BUILDING materials.
CARBOHYDRATES
- include both sugars and polymers of sugars.
- molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a _________ ratio. `
CARBOHYDRATES; 1:2:1 ratio
These are the simplest carbohydrates.
MONOSACCHARIDES
Monosaccharides are also known as?
SIMPLE SUGARS
These are DOUBLE SUGARS, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond called _______.
DISACCHARIDES; GLYCOSIDIC
Carbohydrates also include macromolecules called ___________, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks. They provide energy and building blocks.
POLYSACCHARIDES
This carbohydrate consists of long polymers of sugar subunits,
COMPLEX CARBOHYRATES OR POLYSACCHARIDES
This polysaccharide provides energy storage in PLANTS.
STARCH
This polysaccharide provides energy storage in ANIMALS.
GLYCOGEN
This polysaccharide is found in the cell walls of PLANTS.
CELLULOSE
This polysaccharide is found in the cell walls oF FUNGI.
CHITIN
This forms the exoskeleton of arthropods and is used to make strong and flexible surgical thread.
CHITIN
Define HFCS.
HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP
These are HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES.
LIPIDS
These are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers.
LIPIDS
- These are large NONPOLAR molecules that are INSOLUBLE in water.
- The unifying feature of thesee molecules is having little or no affinity for water.
LIPIDS
Lipids are hydrophobic because it is composed mostly of __________, which form nonpolar covalent bonds.
HYDROCARBONS
What are the FOUR (4) MAJOR TYPES of LIPIDS?
- FATS
- PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- STEROIDS
- PGMENTS
These are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
FATS
This is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon.
GLYCEROL
This consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton.
FATTY ACID
These are used for LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE.
FAT
Also called TRIGLYCERIDES or TRIACYLGLYCEROL and composed of three fatty acid chains linked to glycerol.
FAT
Vary in length (number of carbons) and
in the number and locations of double bonds
FATTY ACIDS
These fatty acids have the MAXIMUM number of hydrogen atoms possible and NO DOUBLE BONDS.
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
These fatty acids have ONE or MORE DOUBLE BONDS.
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Fats made from saturated fatty acids are called:
SATURATED FATS
Saturated fats are _____ at room temperature.
SOLID
Most animal fats are ______.
SATURATED
Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called:
UNSATURATED FATS or OILS
Unsaturated fats are ____ at room temperature.
LIQUID
Plant fats and fish fats are usually:
UNSATURATED
Trans fats are the ________ of fats.
HYDROGENATION
A diet rich in saturated fats may contribute to cardiovascular disease through ________ ________.
PLAQUE DEPOSITS
This is the process of converting unsaturated fats to
saturated fats by adding hydrogen.
HYDROGENATION
Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans _______ bonds.
DOUBLE
TRUE OR FALSE
-Trans fats may contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease.
TRUE
These are lipids that are components of the cell membrane.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
One of the three fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate and a small polar functional group.
MODIFIED FAT
A phospholipid has a _______ (polar) head and two _______ (nonpolar) tails.
HYDROPHILIC; HYDROPHOBIC
These are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.
STEROIDS
Steroids and their metabolites are used as ___________ molecules, e.g. steroid hormones.
SIGNALING
This is an important steroid, a component in animal ell membranes.
CHOLESTEROL
Although this is essential in animals, high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease.
CHOLESTEROL
State FOUR (4) examples of steroids;
- CHOLESTEROL
- SEX HORMONES (ESTROGEN. PROGESTERON & TESTOSTERONE)
- CORTISONE/CORTISOL
- ANABOLIC STEROIDS
These are the hormones that signal the body to produce/manifest secondary sexual characteristics.
SEX HORMONES
Made up of subunits called amino acids
PROTEINS
Subunits of proteins.
AMINO ACIDS
What type of protein is this?
- Storage of amino acids.
*Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo.
*Caesin, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals.
*Plants have storage proteins in their seeds.
STORAGE PROTEINS
How many are the common amino acids that fall into one of four general groups?
20
What type of protein is this?
- Selective acceleration of chemical reactions.
Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the polymers in food.
ENZYMATIC PROTEINS
What type of protein is this?
- Function is support.
Example:
*Insects and spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons and webs, respectively.
*Collagen and elastin provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues.
*Keratin is the protein of hair, horns, feathers, and other skin appendages.
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
What type of protein is this?
-Transport of other substances.
*Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body.
*Other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS
What type of protein is this?
- Coordination of an organism’s activities.
*Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, helps regulate the concentration of sugar in the blood of vertebrates.
HORMONAL PROTEINS
What type of protein is this?
-Response of cell to chemical stimuli.
*Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect chemical signals released by other nerve cells.
RECEPTOR PROTEINS
What type of protein is this?
-Function is for movement.
*Actin and myosin are responsible for the contraction of muscles.
*Other proteins are responsible for the undulations of the organelles called cilia and flagella.
CONTRACTILE AND MOTOR PROTEINS
What type of protein is this?
-Protection against disease.
*Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses.
DEFENSIVE PROTEINS
Two classes of PROTEIN STRUCTURE.
STRUCTUREL; GLOBULAR
A protein structure that has LONG CABLES and PROVIDE SHAPE/STRENGTH.
STRUCTURAL
A protein structure that has GROOVES and DEPRESSIONS; ENZYMES
GLOBULAR
The protein structure is determined by the _______ of its ____________________.
SEQUENCE; AMINO ACIDS
What are the four (4) general levels of protein structures?
- PRIMARY
- SECONDARY
- TERTIARY
- QUATERNARY
This is the sequence of amino acids in a protein, is like the order of letters in a long word.
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
Primary structure is determined by _________ __________ __________.
INHERITED GENETIC INFORMATION
This structure has COILS and FOLDS due to the hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone,
*Becomes the phrases or combination of words
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
Typical secondary structures are a coil called a ___________ and a folded structure called a _____________..
a HELIX; B PLEATED SHEET
This is determined by interactions between R groups, rather than interactions between backbone constituents.
*Like sentences composed of phrases
TERTIARY STRUCTURE
What do the interactions between R groups include in the Tertiary Structure?
- HYDROGEN BONDS
- IONIC BONDS
- HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS
- van der Waals INTERACTIONS
Results when TWO or MORE polypeptide chains form one macromolecule.
*NOW BECOME PARAGRAPHS
QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
This is a fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope.
COLLAGEN
This is a globular protein consisting of FOUR POLYPEPTIDES; two alpha and two beta chains.
HEMOGLOBIN
Changes in a protein’s environment can cause a protein to ____________.
DENATURE
This is when a protein loses its three-dimensional structure and becomes inactive.
DENATURE
This is the GENETIC MATERIAL found within the cell’s nucleus,
DNA
The DNA provides instructions for every protein the body. It is organized by __________ _________ to form a double-stranded helix.
COMPLIMENTARY BASES
The DNA contains the sugar _____________ and the bases _____________, ____________, and _______________ & ___________ (RNA)
DEOXYRIBOSE; ADENINE THYMINE; CYTOSINEL GUANINE; URACIL
When does the DNA replicate, before or after cell division?
BEFORE
What are the TWO varieties of NUCLEIC ACIDS?
- DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
- RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
Match:
Sugar
DNA: Deoxyribose, RNA:_____________
RIBOSE
Match
Bases
RNA - A,G,C,______ ; DNA - A,G,C, ______
RNA - U
DNA - T
RNA is single or double stranded?
SINGLE
DNA is single or double stranded?
DOUBLE
How does RNA differ from DNA?
There is hydrogen bonding between the base pairs
These organize DNA structurally and allow chromosomes to pack tightly.
PROTEINS
This is a type of protein that structurally organizes EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES.
HISTONE
This the length of DNA wound around a spool of histone proteins.
NUCLEOSOME
A eukaryotic cell’s DNA is divided into a characteristic number of ______________.
CHROMOSOMES
This is the sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type.
CHROMOSOME NUMBER
What is the chromosome number of humans?
46
These are cells having two of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species (2n)
DIPLOID
What is the chromosome number of CATS?
38
What is the chromosome number of POTATO?
48
What is the chromosome number of PINEAPLE?
50
What is the chromosome number of COW?
60
What is the chromosome number of DOG?
78
What is the chromosome number of VIZCACHA RAT?
102
What is the chromosome number of HORSETAIL?
216
What is the chromosome number of ADDER’S TONGUE FERN?
1200
What is the chromosome number of FRUIT FLY?
8
What is the chromosome number of AMOEBA?
13
What is the chromosome number of GARDEN PEA?
14
What is the chromosome number of FROG?
26
