Q#2 - CHEMISTRY OF LIFE PT.2 Flashcards
This is the molecule that SUPPORTS all of LIFE.
WATER
- Water is a ________ ________ on Earth.
- All living organisms require water more than
any other substance
BIOLOGICAL MEDIUM
- Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about __________ water.
70-95%
The ________ of water is the main reason the Earth is habitable.
ABUNDANCE
- The ____________ that hold water molecules together give water a collection of important unique properties.
- These ________ properties of water make it essential for all life.
HYDROGEN BONDS; EMERGENT
Is water POLAR or NON-POLAR?
POLAR MOLECULES
TRUE OR FALSE
Water molecules are polar molecules, thus form hydrogen bonds with each other and with other polar molecules.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Each hydrogen bond is very STRONG.
FALSE, very weak
The ___________ effect of enormous numbers of hydrogen bonds can make them quite strong.
CUMULATIVE
This is responsible for the many of the physical properties of water.
HYDROGEN BONDING
Between molecules of the SURFACE of liquid water give it HIGH SURFACE TENSION.
COHESION
Water molecules also form HYDROGEN BONDS with other molecules, a property called?
ADHESION
________ of the water to cell walls by hydrogen bonds help resist the downward pull of gravity.
ADHESION
_________ due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules helps hold together their column of water within the cells.
COHESION
FIX THIS SEQUENCE:
Evaporating molecules pull water up the stem.
Water molecules are pulled into roots.
Water evaporates through pores in leaves.
1 - Water evaporates through pores in leaves.
2 - Evaporating molecules pull water up the stem.
3 - Water molecules are pulled into roots.
Water is an excellent ______.
SOLVENT
Water dissolves ____________ (water-______”) substances (e.h. Polar solutes and ions)
HYDROPHYLLIC; WATER-LOVING
The ______ of water molecules helps water dissolve most biologically important molecules, since many of them are hydrophilic.
POLARITY
Water _______ temperature.
REGULATES
1.) HEAT STORAGE
- A large input of ________ energy is required to
disrupt the organization of liquid water.
- This _______ temperature changes
THERMAL; MINIMIZES
2.)
- At HIGH TEMPERATURES, hydrogen bonds ______.
- Water is changed into vapor!
HIGH HEAT VAPORIZATION; BREAK
Water _______ when it FREEZES.
EXPANDS
- _____________ make water molecules spread out as it freezes into ice (expands)
- This is why ICE is LESS DENSE than liquid water, and the ice floats to the top.
HYDROGEN BONDS
- In large bodies of water, a TOP LAYER OF ICE provides __________ and keeps the rest from freezing underneath.
- Thus it is possible for aquatic life to survive in the winter.
INSULATION
Water ________…
- Covalent bonds within a water molecule sometimes break _________.
IONIZES; SPONTANEOUSLY
2 H2O -> H3O+ (HYDRONIUM ION) + OH- (HYDROXIDE ION)
The process of spontaneous ion formation is called?
IONIZATION
TRUE OR FALSE
- Ionization is not common because of the STRENGTH of IONIC BONDS.
FALSE; COVALENT BONDS
A convenient way to express the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
pH = -log[H+]
The pH scale is __________.
- The difference of ONE UNIT represents a TEN-FOLD CHANGE in H+ concentration.
TRUE
Dissociates in water to INCREASE H+ concentration.
ACID
Combines with H+ when dissolved in water
BASE
- Release hydrogen ions (H+)
- Are proton DONORS
ACID
- Release hydroxyl ions (OH-)
- Are protein ACCEPTORS
BASES
Acids and bases REACT to form WATER and a SALT.
NEUTRALIZATION REACTION
This is the MOLECULE of LIFE.
DNA -Deoxyribonucleic Acid
How many are HUMAN chromosomes?
46 HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
How long is the DNA?
2 METERS
How many DNA subunits (the bases: A,T,C,G)
3 BILLION
How many are the approximate gene codes for proteins that perform most life functions?
30,000 GENES CODE
All living things are made up of four (4) classes of large biological molecules. Enumerate them.
- CARBOHYDRATES
- LIPIDS
- PROTEINS
- NUCLEIC ACIDS
An ______________ contains carbon & _________. With carbon forming chain becomes its backbone.
ORGANIC MOLECULE; HYDROGEN
These are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms.
MACROMOLECULES
Molecular ______ and _______ are inseparable.
STRUCTURE; FUNCTION
This element is the BACKBONE of LIFE.
CARBON
It is unparalleled in its ability to form LARGE, COMPLEX, and DIVERSE molecules.
CARBON
Organic molecules are made up of ________ _________.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
They are the COMPONENTS of organic molecules that
are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
The _________ and ___________ of
functional groups give each molecule its unique properties
NUMBER & ARRANGEMENT
What functional groups are found in PROTEINS?
CARBOXYL; AMINO
What functional group is found in CARBOHYDRATES?
HYDROXYL
What functional group is found in LIPIDS?
CARBONYL
What functional group is found in DNA, ATP?
PHOSPHATE
These are POLYMERS, built from MONOMERS.
MACROMOLECULES
This is a LONG molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called MONOMERS.
POLYMER
Three of the four (4) classes of life’s ORGANIC MOLECULES are POLYMERS. Enumerate these four.
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Macromolecules are made by a process termed:
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
Macromolecules are broken down by a process termed
HYDROLYSIS
Both DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS and HYDROLYSIS require;
ENZYMES
Organic molecules are in our _______.
FOOD
What organic molecules are common in our diets?
CARBOHYDRATES; PROTEIN; FATS
TRUE OR FALSE:
Some organic molecules are considered “healthy” while others are associated with obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.
TRUE
What type of carbohydrate is this?
- Chemical structure: Monosaccharides & Disaccharides
- They provide quick energy.
SIMPLE SUGARS
What type of carbohydrate is this?
-CS: Polysaccharides (polymers of monosaccharides)
- Support cells and organisms (cellulose, chitin)
- Store energy (starch, glycogen)
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
What molecule is this?
- Polymers of amino acids
- Carry out nearly all the work in the cell.
PROTEINS
What molecule is this?
- Polymers of nucleotides.
- Store and use genetic information and transmit it to the next generation.
NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA)
What type of lipid is this?
- Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- Store energy
TRICYLYCERIDES (FATS)
What type of lipid is this?
- Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
- Form major part of biological membranes.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
What type of lipid is this?
- Four fused rings, mostly of C and H
- Stabilize animal membranes; sex hormones
STEROIDS