Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pathology 2 > pulmonary vascular disease > Flashcards

pulmonary vascular disease Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood comes from right ventricle and goes to pulmonary trunk and goes to right and left pulmonary arteries
goes to lobar and segmental branches, pulmonary capillaries which wrap around alveoli and feed to pulmonary veins
go to left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the alveoli are entirely supplied by

A

pulmonary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

systemic circulation

A

bronchial arteries supply the lung stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

left lung bronchial arteries

A

2 (superior and inferior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

right lung bronchial arteries

A

has 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bronchial arteries

A

run as far as the small bronchioles where they form capillary networks
drain to bronchial veins and pulmonary veins (small component)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the main blood supply of the lungs

A

pulmonary circulation

smaller % bronchial circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

loss of pulmonary circulation

A

results in infarction of terminal airways, but blood still partly flows around infarct and venous blood pools
infarct is red rather than pale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

loss of bronchial arterial circulation

A

blood flow not compromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pulmonary infarct

A

an infarct is an area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

causes of pulmonary infarct

A

thrombus, embolus, vasospasm, expansion of atherosclerotic plaque, torsion or compression of vessels, trauma, vasculitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

commonest cause of of pulmonary infarct in the lung

A

small/medium sized PE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lung infarcts tend to be

A

peripheral
wedge shaped
hemorrhagic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pulmonary emboli

A

a detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood from its point of origin to a distant site, where it often causes tissue dysfunction or infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

classification of emboli

A

solid vs liquid vs gas
arterial vs venous
type of embolic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

types of embolic material

A
  1. thromboembolism
  2. air/gas
  3. fat
  4. amniotic fluid emboli
  5. septic emboli
  6. foreign. body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pathogenesis of venous thromboemboli

A

increased blood platelets
the formation of a blood clot
formation of thromboembolic masses
embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

acute provoking factors of formation of emboli

A

surgery, burns, trauma, period of immobilisation, commencement of oestrogen therapy, pregnancy

19
Q

chronic predisposing factors of formation of emboli

A

clotting abnormality, obesity, smoking, hypertension n, malignancy

20
Q

mechanical problem of PE

A

ventilation perfusion mismatch

21
Q

large embolus can lead to

A

can lead to right heart failure and sudden death

22
Q

smaller emboli symptoms

A

shortness of breath, sudden onset, chest pain

23
Q

multiple small emboli symptoms

A

may be asymptomatic or have lower grade symptoms

24
Q

3 possible sequelae of of embolus

A
  1. lysis
  2. superimposed thrombus/inflammation/extension of infarct
  3. organisation and recanalization
25
Q

air emboli

A

trauma, surgical

26
Q

gas emboli

A

often nitrogen
divers
at high pressure more nitrogen dissolves into blood
rapid return to low pressure results in bubbles forming in the microvasculature - brain,, lungs joints, heart

27
Q

fat and marrow emboli

A

usually happen because of trauma

fragments of fat or marrow enter the circulation

28
Q

adipocytes with or without associated haematopoietic marrow elements

A

release of free fatty acids from fat globules causes toxic injury to the endothelium, platelet activation and recruitment go white blood cells

29
Q

fat embolism syndrome

A

1-3 days after injury
pulmonary insufficiency
tachypnoea, dyspnoea neurological symptoms

30
Q

amniotic fluid emboli

A

rare critical complication for labour
amniotic fluid getting into blood stream
dyspnoea, cyanosis and shock
headaches, seizures and coma

31
Q

septic emboli

A

colonies of bacteria and fungi can detach and lodge/proliferate elsewhere

32
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than or equal to 25mm Hg at rest or mean pressure > 30mm Hg during exercise

33
Q

causes of pulmonary hypertension

A
  • increase in pulmonary blood flow
  • increase in pulmonary vascular resistance
  • increase in left heart resistance to blood flow
  • idiopathic
34
Q

5 groups of pulmonary hypertension

A
  1. pulmonary arterial hypertension
  2. pulmonary hypertension owing to left heart disease
  3. pulmonary hypertension owing to lung disease and/or hypoxia
  4. chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
  5. pulmonary hypertension with unclear multifactorial mechanisms
35
Q

pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

idiopathic, hereditary or drug and toxin induced

associated with autoimmunity

36
Q

group 3 - lung disease and/or hypoxia

A

COPD
sleep disordered breathing
alveolar hypoventilation disorders
chronic exposure to high altitudes

37
Q

group 5 - unclear multifactorial mechanisms

A

haematological disorders eg.g myeloproliferative diseases
sarcoidosis. vasculitis, langerhans call histiocytosis
metabolic disorders

38
Q

pathological findings in pulmonary hypertension

A

muscular vessels
more elastic and scarred
atherosclerosis
right ventricular hypertrophy

39
Q

pathogenesis of vascular changes - mutations in BMPR2

A

dysfunction of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells

40
Q

patient presentation of pulmonary hypertension

A

right heart failure
failure to oxygenate
arrhythmias
in idiopathic group death from right heart failure usually ensues with 2 to 5 years

41
Q

treatment of pulmonary hypertension

A

treat the trigger
vasodilators have been used with varying success in those with group 1 or refractory disease
lung transplantation provides definitive treatment for selected patients

42
Q

diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage

A

usually immunologicaly mediated or inflammatory diseases

43
Q

good pasture syndrome

A

uncommon autoimmune disease in which kidney and lung injury are caused by circulating autoantibodies against the non collagenous domain of the a3 chain of collagen IV
the antibodies initiate inflammatory destruction of the basement membrane in renal glomeruli and pulmonary alveoli, giving rise to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and necrotising hemorrhagic interstitial pneumonitis

44
Q

Granulomatosis with pulmonary angiitis

A

systemic inflammatory disorder
aetiology and pathogenesis are not clear
autoimmune vasculitis

pathology 2 (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions