endocrine pathology

Question 1

4 types of cells in islets of langerhans

Answer 1

beta - insulin
alpha - glucagon
delta - somatostatin
pp - pancreatic polypeptide

Question 2

2 minor cell types in islets of langerhans

Answer 2

D1 - vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), induces glycogenolysis and hyperglycaemia
enterchromaffin cells - serotonin

Question 3

pathological findings in type 1 diabetets

Answer 3

inflammatory infiltrate, atrophy of cells within islets leading to islet depletion

Question 4

pathological findings in T2 diabetes

Answer 4

amyloid (protein aggregate) deposition is islets, mild depletion

Question 5

hyperosmolar hyperosmotic state

Answer 5

usually in T2DM
severe dehydration due to severe osmotic diuresis due to hyperglycaemia
absence of ketosis, mild or no metabolic acidosis

Question 6

hyperosmolar hyperosmotic state

Answer 6

usually in T2DM
severe dehydration due to severe osmotic diuresis due to hyperglycaemia
absence of ketosis, mild or no metabolic acidosis

Question 7

hypoglycaemia

Answer 7

over treatment of hyperglycaemia
dizziness, tachycardia, confusion, palpitations, potentially loss of consciousness and death
always consider hypo- and hyperglycaemia in an unconscious or drowsy patient