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pathology 2 > oral cavity > Flashcards

oral cavity Flashcards

1
Q

dysplasia

A

cellular atypia in the absence of invasion

potentially pre-malignant epithelial lesion

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2
Q

dysplasia can occur in

A

squamous or glandular epithelium

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3
Q

not all malignancy arises from dysplasia

A

many but not all carcinomas

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4
Q

dysplasia grading

A

low or high grade based on the degree of nuclear atypia and architecture

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5
Q

low grade dysplasia has

A

atypia, mitoses above the basal layer

evidence of dysmaturation

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6
Q

high grade dysplasia

A

severe atypia, mitoses at all levels, overt evidence of abnormal architecture, no invasion

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7
Q

severe dysplasia is on a spectrum with

A

carcinoma in situ

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8
Q

congenital abnormalities

A

development malformation
failure of a cavity to sloe
enzyme deficiency

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9
Q

meckel’s diverticulum

A

remnant of vitaline duct

pouch coming from terminal ileum

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10
Q

gastroschisis

A

bowel herniates through a paraumbilical defect

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11
Q

trachea-oesophageal fistula

A

passages forming between the trachea and the oesophagus

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12
Q

upper aerodigestive tract

A

normally lines by respiratory epithelium in nose and sinus, transitioning to squamous epithelium in the mouth, oropharynx, parts of epiglottis

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13
Q

most cancers seen in the head and neck are

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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14
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

keratinising or non keratinising

tobacco and alcohol contribute to risk

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15
Q

TNM system

A

size of tumour, nodal involvement, distant metastasis

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16
Q

Head and neck tumours

A

generally poor prognosis and carries significant morbidity

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17
Q

erythroplakia

A

red patch in the mouth

usually dysplastic or neoplastic regions

18
Q

leukoplakia

A

white patches in the mouth
many causes
hyperplasia, fungal, dysplasia

19
Q

risk factors for orally malignant disorders

A

tobacco, alcohol, betel nut, HPV infection, age >55, radiation exposure, UV light, some inherited syndromes

20
Q

HPV associated cancers

A

are mostly seen in the oropharynx, less commonly in the oral cavity

21
Q

high risk HPV type

A

type 16

22
Q

HPV positive head and neck cancers

A

fundamentally different molecular pathogenesis, which gives them a different morphological appearance

23
Q

nose and paranasal sinus problems

A 
rhinitis 
pharyngitis 
tonsillitis 
necrotising lesions 
hyperplastic lesions 
neoplastic lesions
24
Q

acute infections rhinitis

A

the common cold
adenovirus, echovirus, rhinovirus
may progress to pharyngitis/tonsilitis

25
Q

sinusitis

A

acute - ascending infection from nose/nasopharynx/teeth

chronic: usually when there are problems with drainage

26
Q

granulomatosis with pulmonary angiitis

A

systemic inflammatory disorders
aetiology not clear
nodular lung lesions
diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage

27
Q

hyperplastic lesions

A

nasal polyps
- recurrent bouts of inflammation - oedema, fibrosis, polyp formation
cause of obstruction, lead to furtherr inflammation and recurrent infections
often referred to as allergic but most people with nasal polyps donut have other signs of atopic disease

28
Q

polyp

A

abnormal growth projecting from a mucous membrane
usually has an epithelial lining over a stromal core
can be pedunculated or sessile

29
Q

pedunculated

A

on a stalk

30
Q

sessile

A

on a broad base

31
Q

hamartomatous

A

benign proliferation of tissue native to that sire but with disorganised growth

32
Q

sinonasal papilloma

A

benign neoplasm
arise from sinonasal epithelium
can be exophytic or endophytic
more common in males and associated with HPV

33
Q

endophytic sinonasal papilloma

A

inverted

tends to recur if not excised, can erode into orbit or cranial vault

34
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

common in some geographical areas due to endemic EBV

eg. africa, china

35
Q

three patterns of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

keratinising squamous cell carcinoma
non-keratinising squamous cell carcinoma
undifferentiated carcinoma `

36
Q

EBV associated patterns of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

non-keratinising squamous cell carcinoma

undifferentiated carcinoma

37
Q

keratinising squamous cell carcinoma

A

may be high risk (type 16) HPV associated

38
Q

olfactory neuroblastoma

A

arises from neuroectoderm
bimodal - peaks at ages 15 and 50
present with nasal obstruction and epistaxis
locally destructive but relatively good prognosis
neuroendocrine tumour

39
Q

vocal cord polyps

A

singer’s nodules

- smokers - relative strain on vocal cords leads to hyperplasia

40
Q

squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx

A

similar to lung SCC
smoking
poor prognosis

41
Q

three major salivary glands

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
42
Q

minor salivary glands

A

throughout the oral cavity

pathology 2 (47 decks)

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