adrenal 1

Question 1

normal adrenal gland

Answer 1

• paired, anterior and superior to renal upper pole

- 8-10g in males, 7-9g in females

Question 2

normal adrenal gland is made up of

Answer 2

• yellow cortex - 90% of volume

- grey medulla

Question 3

yellow cortex produces

Answer 3

corticoid hormones under control of endocrine system

Question 4

grey medulla produces

Answer 4

catecholamine (adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine) under control of autonomic nervous system

Question 5

production of steroid hormones is stimulated by

Answer 5

ACTH from pituitary

Question 6

3 distinct zones of the cortex

Answer 6

• glomerulosa, fasciculate, reticularis

Question 7

glomerulosa produces

Answer 7

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Question 8

fasciculata produces

Answer 8

glucocorticoids (crotisol)

Question 9

reticular produces

Answer 9

sex steroids - oestrogen and androgens)

Question 10

mineralocorticoids

Answer 10

maintain normal intravascular volume and pH by retaining sodium and water and eliminating potassium and hydrogen ions
dependant on renin angiotensin system

Question 11

renin is released in response to

Answer 11

low blood pressure in afferent arterioles, elevated levels of circulating catecholamines or low Na levels in distal convoluted tubules

Question 12

actions of angiotensin 2

Answer 12

1. induces vasoconstriction
2. stimulates aldosterone secretion
3. increase tubular Na resorption

Question 13

glucocorticoids

Answer 13

• under pituitary control - ACTH, normal morning peak of release
• metabolic regulation (protein, carbohydrate, fat)
• also weak mineralocorticoid action

Question 14

metabolic regulation of glucocorticoids

Answer 14

• inhibit protein synthesis
• increase protein breakdown (muscle weakness)
• increase gluconeogenesis
• inhibit glucose uptake by cells (oppose insulin)
• redistribution of fat (complex actions)
• modulation of innate and adaptive immune response