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PHTH 517 > Pulmonary systems > Flashcards

Pulmonary systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the inspiratory respiratory muscles?

A
  1. SCM
  2. Scalenes
  3. External intercostals
  4. Diaphragm
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2
Q

What are the expiratory respiratory muscles?

A
  1. Internal intercostals
  2. External oblique
  3. Rectus abdominus
  4. Transverse abdominus
  5. Internal oblique
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3
Q

At rest, _____ is a mostly passive process.

A

passive

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4
Q

_______ ______ _____ = max expiration at the end of tidal expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume

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5
Q

______ ______ _____ = volume in lungs after maximal expiration

A

residual lung volume

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6
Q

_______ ________ ________ = max inspiration at end of tidal aspiration

A

inspiratory reserve volume

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7
Q

_______ ______ _______ = volume in lungs after tidal expiration

A

functional residual capacity

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8
Q

_____ _____ _____ = max volume after expired after max inspiration

A

functional vital capacity

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9
Q

_______ ______ = max volume inspired following tidal expiration

A

Inspiratory capacity

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10
Q

___ _____ = volume inspired of expired per breath

A

tidal volume

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11
Q

______ _____ ____ = volume in lungs after max inspiration

A

total lung capacity

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12
Q

ERV values ?

A

M: 1200mL
W: 800mL

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13
Q

RLV values?

A

M: 1200mL
W: 1000mL

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14
Q

IRV values?

A

M: 3000mL
W: 1900mL

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15
Q

FRC values?

A

M: 2400mL
W: 1800mL

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16
Q

IC values?

A

M: 3600mL
W: 3200mL

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17
Q

TV values?

A

M: 600mL
W: 500mL

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18
Q

TLC values?

A

M: 6000mL
W: 4200mL

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19
Q

What are 6 factors effecting static lung volumes?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Sex
  3. Height
  4. Obesity
  5. Chronic disease
  6. Aging
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20
Q

Does training change static lung volume?

A

NO

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21
Q

Ventilation works _______ to respond to the requirements of the body.

A

dynamically

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22
Q

What two things does dynamic lung volume depend on?

A
  1. Volume of air

2. Speed of moving the volume of air

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23
Q

_______ _____ = the volume of air breathed each minute

A

minute ventilation

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24
Q

______ ______ = portion of minute ventilation that mixes with air in the alveolar chambers.

A

alveolar ventilation

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25
Q

What is the average minute ventilation at rest?

A

6 L / min

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26
Q

What is the formula for minute ventilation?

A

breathing rate x tidal volume

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27
Q

What can increase minute ventilation?

A
  1. Increase in rate of breathing
  2. Increase in depth of breathing
  3. Both
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28
Q

What amount of tidal volume goes to alveolar air?

A

350mL

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29
Q

What amount of tidal volume goes to physiologic dead space?

A

minimal

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30
Q

What amount of tidal volume goes to anatomical dead space?

A

150mL

31
Q

What is the formula for alveolar ventilation?

A

(TV-dead space) x breathing frequency

32
Q

Where is minute ventilation occurring ?

A

mouth

33
Q

Does minute ventilation = alveolar ventilation?

A

No

34
Q

When breathing while exercising, the goal is to match ______ ______ with exercise intensity to maintain _____ _______.

A

minute ventilation; alveolar ventilation

35
Q

How is breathing matched to demand when exercising?

A

Increasing the depth of breathing (TV) and frequency

36
Q

What is the main change in minute ventilation when exercising?

A

tidal volume

37
Q

What is the maximal voluntary ventilation for men? women?

A

140-180L/min; 80-120L/min

38
Q

What is the maximal voluntary ventilation?

A

volume breathed for 1 minute

39
Q

How high can TV increase to?

A

about 2 L

40
Q

Where is the primary respiratory control centre?

A

medial medulla

41
Q

What are 5 factors that affect medullary control of pulmonary ventilation?

A
  1. Peripheral chemoreceptors
  2. Receptors in lung tissues
  3. Proprioceptors in joints and muscles
  4. Core temp
  5. Chemical state of blood in medulla
42
Q

In non-steady rate exercise, minute ventilation increase in ________ to oxygen consumption over range from rest to moderate exercise

A

proportion

43
Q

Minute ventilation increases ______ to oxygen consumption over range from moderate to strenuous exercise.

A

disproportionately

44
Q

The point at which ventilation increases disproportionately with oxygen uptake during incremental exercise is termed _____ ______ .

A

ventilatory threshold

45
Q

What are the two major factors that determine the energy requirement of breathing?

A
  1. Compliance of the lung and thorax

2. Resistance of airways to smooth flow of air

46
Q

What is the oxygen cost at rest? at max?

A

3-5%; 10-15%

47
Q

What is the % of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in ambient air?

A

O: 20.93%
C: 0.03%
N: 79.04%

48
Q

What is the formula for partial pressure?

A

percentage concentration x total gas mixture pressure

49
Q

How is oxygen carried in blood?

A
  1. dissolved in fluid portion of blood

2. in combination with Hb within RBCs

50
Q

What % of O2 is dissolved in blood?

A

1.5%

51
Q

What % of O2 is bound to Hb?

A

98.5%

52
Q

What is the formula for oxygen carrying capacity of blood?

A

Hb (g/100mL blood) x O2 carrying capacity of Hb

53
Q

What is the oxygen carrying capacity for men? for women?

A

M: 20.1 mL/100mL blood
W: 18.8 mL/100mL blood

54
Q

What is the formula for % saturation? (SaO2)

A

(total O2 combined with Hb/oxygen-carrying capacity of Hb) x 100

55
Q

Does % saturation tell you how much O2 is in the blood ?

A

NO

56
Q

What does %SaO2 tell you?

A

% of available heme binding dates saturated with O2

57
Q

How saturated is Hb at the lungs? at the tissue?

A

98%; 75%

58
Q

What is the point of the plateau of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

provides a significant margin of safety in O2-carrying capacity of blood

59
Q

What is the significance of the steep portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

HbO2 dissociates and O2 can diffuse to tissue cells

60
Q

when exercising, Hb saturation drops to ___%.

A

30%

61
Q

_______ = iron-protein compound found in skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

myoglobin

62
Q

_______ facilitates mitochondrial oxygen transfer

A

myoglobin

63
Q

________ binds and retains O2 at low pressures

A

myoglobin

64
Q

What are the 3 ways the blood carries carbon dioxide and what are the %?

A
  1. in physical solution in plasma (7-10%)
  2. Combined with Hb within RBCs (20%)
  3. As plasma bicarbonate (70%)
65
Q

Why does blood doping increase aerobic performance?

A

increases O2 carrying capacity of blood

66
Q

____ ____ increases blood ________ .

A

viscosity

67
Q

What three things does increasing your blood viscosity lead to?

A
  1. Decrease Q
  2. Increase systolic BP
  3. Causes strain on heart
68
Q

By what % does blood doping increase aerobic performance?

A

5-13%

69
Q

Regular endurance exercise (does/does not) stimulate large increases in the functional capacity of pulmonary system.

A

does not

70
Q

Regular endurance exercise has a minor ability to improve dynamic lung volumes (T/F)

A

true

71
Q

By what % can submax exercise training improve the endurance of the ventilatory muscles?

A

16%

72
Q

In most healthy individuals, arterial PO2 and SaO2 remain near _______ values even during intense exercise.

A

resting

73
Q

FVC values?

A

M: 4800mL
W: 3200mL

PHTH 517 (16 decks)

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