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PHTH 517 > Lifespand and Development > Flashcards

Lifespand and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Learning begins in utero (T/f)

A

TRUE

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2
Q

______ mums = offspring with lower stress hormones, calmer, greater capacity to learn

A

affectionate

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3
Q

______ mums = less affection/contact with offspring = more stressed/fearful offspring

A

stressed

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4
Q

Some changes due to neglect early in life may be reversible (
T/F)

A

TRUE

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5
Q

The richer, more varied and stimulating experiences, the more _________ are made in the brain.

A

connections

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6
Q

The single most important factor determining the quality of mother-offspring interactions is the ______ and _______ health of the mother.

A

mental; physical

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7
Q

_______ theory = child centred, parents read cues and is highly responsive and this impacts adjustment in adulthood.

A

attachment

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8
Q

Cuddling babies affects ______ _________.

A

gene expression

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9
Q

When is the period of purple crying ?

A

peaks around 7 weeks

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10
Q

Perception of _________ = matching environment with childs skills

A

affordances

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11
Q

What are the 3 underpinnings of the maturational theory?

A
  1. Hierarchical
  2. Sequential
  3. Predictable
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12
Q

What are the 3 underpinnings of the dynamic systems theory?

A
  1. Task
  2. Environment
  3. Child
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13
Q

What are the steps in the Reflex-Hierarchy theory?

A
  1. Spinal cord (primary reflexes)
  2. Brainstem (postural reflexes)
  3. Midbrain (righting reactions)
  4. Cortex (voluntary movements)
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14
Q

The _________ theory states that development is a complex process that emerges from a complex interaction of the infant/child and its maturing MSK and neural systems with the environment.

A

systems

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15
Q

In the systems theory, _______ are one of many influences on the control of posture and movement,

A

reflexes

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16
Q

__________ = change of shape, form structure and size of body and is a part of development.

A

growth

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17
Q

________ stops at maturation but __________ continues until death.

A

growth; development

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18
Q

Child ________ = how a child become sable to do more complex activities as he/she gets older.

A

development

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19
Q

Child development is a ______ that involves learning and mastering skills

A

process

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20
Q

What are the 5 main domains of development?

A
  1. cognitive
  2. social-emotional
  3. speech and language
  4. fine motor
  5. gross motor
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21
Q

______ = thinking skills, learning, understanding and problem solving

A

cognitive

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22
Q

______-______ = interacting with others, making friends, self control

A

social-emotional

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23
Q

______ and ________ = ability to understand and use language

A

speech and language

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24
Q

_____ _______ = ability to use small muscles, specifically in hand and fingers

A

fine motor

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25
Q

______ ______ = ability to use large muscles to sit, maintain balance, walk and run

A

gross motor

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26
Q

Developmental _________ = set of functional skills or age specific tasks that most children can do at certain age ranges.

A

milestone

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27
Q

Milestones develop ______.

A

sequentially

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28
Q

One of the roles poe PT is to evaluate timing and ____ of developing milestones

A

quality

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29
Q

There is ________ in typical development , with ____-_____ “peaks and valleys” within children, across children and across developmental domains.

A

variability; non-linear

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30
Q

___ quarter: infants develop the ability to control their head i virtually al positions in space. This control is fine tuned in successive months.

A

1st

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31
Q

___ quarter: Major advances in control of the arms and upper trunk. Ability to control the destabilizing effects of arm movements and other parts of the body.

A

2nd

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32
Q

___ quarter: Mastery of control of the lower trunk and pelvis in upright position.

A

3rd

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33
Q

___ quarter: Development of milestones in mobility and control of lower parts of legs in conjunction with upright stance and overall postural control.

A

4th

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34
Q

What are the 3 types of postural reactions?

A
  1. Righting reactions
  2. Equilibrium reactions
  3. Protective reactions
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35
Q

Goals of _____ reactions are to create efficient alignment of body parts so that COM is near centre of BPS and to see world upright.

A

righting

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36
Q

When do head, neck and body righting occur?

A

around 4 months

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37
Q

What is a clinical implication of righting reactions?

A

torticollis

38
Q

Goals of _______ reactions if to adjust the body according the change to the body’s orientation in space.

A

equilibrium

39
Q

________ reactions prepares infant to transition smoothly from one position to another.

A

equilibrium

40
Q

Equilibrium reactions first develop in _____, then _____, ______, _______
and finally standing.

A

prone; supine; sitting; quadruped

41
Q

What are 3 examples of standing equilibrium reactions that continue into adulthood?

A
  1. Hip
  2. Knee
  3. Ankle strategies
42
Q

What is the sequence of positions that protective reactions develop in?

A
  1. Forwards
  2. Sideways
  3. Backwards
43
Q

In sitting, protective reactions emerge between ___-___ months.

A

4-9

44
Q

In standing, protective reactions energy around ___-___ months.

A

12-24

45
Q

What are the important points during birth - 3 months?

A

pelvis and legs must be stable base of support for prone propping, require weight shifting caudally.

46
Q

What are 2 developments that occur in prone at 4-5 months?

A
  1. props with extended elbows (pelvis and legs stabilize)

2. pivots

47
Q

What are 3 developments that occur in supine at 4-5 months?

A
  1. feet to hands and mouth
  2. no head lag in pull to sit
  3. rolls
48
Q

What are 3 developments that occur in sitting at 4-5 months?

A
  1. Good head control
  2. Turns head
  3. May sustain sitting with arms propped
49
Q

What is a development that occurs in standing at 4-5 months?

A

weight bears when well supported

50
Q

What is a development that occurs in prone at 6-7 months?

A

reaches while propped on extended elbows

51
Q

What are 3 developments that occur in sitting at 6-7 months?

A
  1. Sits independently
  2. Uses hands for play and exploration
  3. May move in and out of sitting
52
Q

What are 3 developments that occur in standing at 6-7 months?

A
  1. Stands with support
  2. Well-aligned
  3. Bounces in standing
53
Q

What is a development in mobility that occurs at 6-7 months?

A

may start commando crawling (often starts pushing backward)

54
Q

What is a development that occurs in prone at 8-9 months?

A

gets into 4-point

55
Q

What are 2 developments that occur in sitting at 8-9 months?

A
  1. moves from sitting to prone

2. pivots in sitting

56
Q

What are 2 developments that occur in standing at 8-9 months?

A
  1. may pull to stand

2. may stand at furniture

57
Q

What are 2 developments that occur in mobility at 8-9 months?

A
  1. crawling on hands and knees (creeping)

2. Typically starts with rocking in 4 point, crawling backwards, then progressing forwards

58
Q

What is a development that occurs in prone and supine at 10-11 months?

A

typically does not stay in these positions

59
Q

What is a development that occurs in sitting at 10-11 months?

A

may bum scoot

60
Q

What are 3 developments that occurs in standing at 10-11 months?

A
  1. Lowers from standing to sitting without falling
  2. Picks up objects from floor with support
    3, Stands hands free for a few seconds
61
Q

What are 3 developments that occur in mobility at 10-11 months?

A
  1. Crawls up stairs
  2. Cruising
  3. Walking with hands held
  4. May start walking independently
62
Q

At ___-___ months, the child can walk independently, transition up to stand at mid-floor, squat, picks up toys from floor hands-free, initiates kicking a ball, throws a ball, walks backwards and sideways a few steps, etc.

A

12-18

63
Q

When does the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex occur?

A

0-4 months

64
Q

What is the stimulus for asymmetrical tonic neck reflex ?

A

head rotation

65
Q

What is the response of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex?

A

arm and leg on face side are extended; arm and leg on scale side are flexed

66
Q

When does the symmetrical tonic neck reflex occur?

A

6-8 months?

67
Q

What is the stimulus for the symmetrical tonic neck reflex?

A

6-8 months

68
Q

What is the stimulus for symmetrical tonic neck reflex?

A

Neck flexion or extension

69
Q

What is the response of the symmetrical tonic neck reflex?

A

when the neck is in flexion, arms are extended; when neck is in extension, arms are extended and legs are flexed

70
Q

Persistence of what infant reflex could be a sign of an UMN lesion?

A

palmar grasp

71
Q

When does the palmar grasp reflex become present?

A

0-4 months?

72
Q

What is the stimulus for the palmar grasp reflex?

A

pressure in palm on ulnar side of hand

73
Q

What is the response of the palmar grasp reflex?

A

flexion of fingers causing strong grip

74
Q

When does the plantar grasp reflex become present?

A

28 weeks gest. to 9-10 months

75
Q

What is the stimulus for the plantar grasp reflex?

A

pressure to base of toes

76
Q

What is the plantar grasp reflex response?

A

toe flexion

77
Q

With the ______ reflex, stimulation of the sole of the foot causes extension of the big toe and fanning out of the rest of the toes.

A

babinski

78
Q

How long does the babinski reflex last for? after this, what reflex should be seen?

A

2 years; toe flexion

79
Q

When is the rooting reflex present?

A

28 weeks gest - 3 months

80
Q

What is the stimulus for the rooting reflex?

A

touch to the cheek

81
Q

what is the response of the rooting reflex?

A

turning head to same side with mouth open

82
Q

When is the moro reflex present?

A

28 weeks gest - 5 months

83
Q

what is the stimulation for the moro reflex?

A

head dropping into extension suddenly for a few inches

84
Q

what is the response of the morrow reflex?

A

arms abduct with fingers open, then cross trunk into adduction; cry

85
Q

When is the startle reflex present?

A

28 weeks gest. - 5 months

86
Q

What is the stimulus for the startle reflex?

A

Loud, sudden noise

87
Q

What is the response of the moro reflex?

A

Similar to moro response but elbows remain flexed and hands closed

88
Q

When does the walking, or stepping reflex become present?

A

38 weeks gest. - 2 months

89
Q

What is the stimulus for the walking (stepping) reflex?

A

Supported upright position with soles of feet on firm surface

90
Q

What is the response of the walking (stepping) reflex?

A

reciprocal flexion/ extension of legs

PHTH 517 (16 decks)

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