Muscle structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

THe ________ is located between muscle fibers.

A

edomysium

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2
Q

_____ = thick filament, ______ = thin filament

A

myosin; actin

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3
Q

Depolarization of the T-tubule system causes Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum’s ________ sacs.

A

lateral

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4
Q

What does Ca2+ bind to in the actin filaments?

A

troponin-tropomyosin

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5
Q

During muscle contraction, actin combines with myosin ________ to split ATP with energy release.

A

ATPase

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6
Q

ATP binds to myosin _______, breaking actin-myosin bond.

A

crossbridge

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7
Q

When muscle stimulation ceases, calcium moves back into the SR lateral sacs through ______ ______ requiring ATP hydrolysis.

A

active transport

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8
Q

______ removal restores inhibitory action of troponin-tropomyosin.

A

calcium

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9
Q

What is sarcomere length at rest?

A

4 micrometers (10^-6)

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10
Q

What is sarcomere length during contraction ?

A

2.7 micrometers (10^-6)

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11
Q

What is the optimal sarcomere length?

A

between 2-2.2 micrometers

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12
Q

When the motor neuron signal arrives, where is Ash released?

A

NMJ

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13
Q

With Ca++ influx, _____ moves aside which allows myosin to bind to actin.

A

troponin

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14
Q

The crossbridge slides, then _______ is ejected, and ATP replaces ADP, causing crossbridge to release and spring back.

A

phosphate

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15
Q

What type of muscle is the strongest? Why?

A

Pennate; fibers are packed more closely together

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16
Q

With a ____ degree angle of clination, there is a corresponding 13% loss of strength, but you can pack more muscle into the area.

A

30

17
Q

The longer the muscle, the (more/less) force it can exert.

A

less

18
Q

The longer the muscle, the (slower/faster) it can exert a certain force.

A

faster

19
Q

_______ muscles have faster working velocity and longer working range.

A

fusiform

20
Q

_______ muscles have a higher peak force and shorter working range.

A

pennate

21
Q

At a whole body level, optimal joint angle is influenced by _____ ______.

A

muscle length

22
Q

Biomechanically, what is impacting optimal muscle length?

A

muscle moment arm

23
Q

Every muscle generates muscle force most optimally at 90 degrees. (T/F)

A

FALSE (every muscle has a joint angle at which muscle force generation is optimal)

24
Q

What two things influence the joint angle at which muscle force generation is optimal?

A
  1. Actin-myosin overlap

2. Joint biomechanics

25
Q

When assessing muscle strength clinically with manual muscle tests, one must use the _________ ______ for that muscle.

A

standardized position

26
Q

Type __ fibers have high aerobic capacity, low force and slow contraction speed.

A

1

27
Q

Type __ fibers have fast contraction speed, high force and rapid cross bridge turnover, and high anaerobic capacity,

A

2

28
Q

The MN cell body is located in the ___ matter in the SC.

A

grey

29
Q

Voltage dependent Na+ channels open when initial depolarization reaches ____mV and this leads to an influx of Na+ leading to further depolarization until ____mV.

A

-50; +40

30
Q

Voltage-dependent K+ channels open when depolarization reaches ____mV, leading to efflux of K+ which leads to ________ of the cell membrane.

A

+40; repolarization

31
Q

Ratio of muscle fibers per MF is generally related to a muscles _______ _____.

A

movement function

32
Q

__________ ______ principle = the motor units are recruited in a graded manner, from small to large,.

A

henneman’s size

33
Q

Recruitment occurs ______ the motor units.

A

across

34
Q

_____ _____ = modulation of firing rate of a motor unit (frequency of motor unit discharge)

A

rate coding

35
Q

As firing rate increases, ________ occurs (initial small twitch like contraction will build to produce a constant higher force contraction)

A

summation

36
Q

How is force modulated?

A

input from sensory receptors

37
Q

How does the fore generate from a muscle meet the needs of a task?

A

Can increase the number of activated fibers of increase firing rate.