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PHTH 517 > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

_________ = the use of mathematical and physical principles to study and understand movement.

A

biomechanics

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2
Q

_______ = the study of movement without regard to the forces that cause the movement

A

kinematics

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3
Q

_____ = the study of the forces causing movements

A

kinetics

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4
Q

What are the 3 cardinal planes of motion?

A
  1. frontal
  2. sagittal
  3. transverse
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5
Q

What are the 3 axes of motion?

A
  1. anteroposterior
  2. mediolateral
  3. longitudinal
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6
Q

Movements occur ___ a plane of motion, _____ an axis of rotation.

A

in; about

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7
Q

In the frontal plane of motion, the axis of rotation is ?

A

anteroposterior

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8
Q

In the sagittal plane of motion, the axis of rotation is?

A

mediolateral

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9
Q

In the transverse plane of motion, the axis of rotation is ?

A

longitudinal

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10
Q

What is Newtons first law of linear motion?

A

Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless and unbalanced, external force is applied to it.

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11
Q

What is Newton’s second law of linear motion?

A

An object of mass will accelerate promotional to the force applied to it, and inversely to its mass

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12
Q

What is Newton’s this law of linear motion?

A

For every action force there is a reaction force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

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13
Q

________ = movement between joint surfaces

A

arthrokinematics

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14
Q

________ = movement between bones

A

osteokinematics

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15
Q

Osteokinematics is used to describe movement characteristics in terms of _______ and _______.

A

magnitude; timing

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16
Q

_______ ______ = a linkage of rigid bodies

A

kinematic chain

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17
Q

In an _____ chain, one end of the chain is free to move

A

open

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18
Q

In a _____ chain, there is a constraint imposed on both ends of the chain.

A

closed

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19
Q

What two things can acceleration be?

A
  1. The calculated/measured acceleration caused by a force

2. A constant, such as gravity

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20
Q

How much an object deforms relative to how much force is applied to it = ?

A

stress strain curve

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21
Q

The _____ of _____ is like the stress strain curve, but what we experience in a typical day.

A

envelope of function

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22
Q

The envelope of function is a relationship between what two variables?

A
  1. load

2. frequency

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23
Q

Overstepping your maximum capacity to adapt will result in what 3 things?

A
  1. Pain during effort
  2. Pain after
  3. Morning stiffness
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24
Q

What are the 3 types of internal forces?

A
  1. isometric
  2. concentric
  3. eccentric
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25
Q

_________ force occurs when force is generated by the muscle but is equivalent to external resistance.

A

isometric

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26
Q

The relationship between what two variables will dictate the resultant linear/angular motion of a segment?

A
  1. internal forces/moments

2. external forces/moments

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27
Q

_________ are the angular equivalent of force.

A

moments

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28
Q

A moment is a _______ of the amount of force applied and the ________ from the force to the point of rotation

A

function; distance

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29
Q

The moment arm is the _______ distance from the line of action of the _____ application to the axis of rotation.

A

perpendicular; force

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30
Q

Linear forces and angular rotations occur _________.

A

simultaneously

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31
Q

________ _________ = kinematic movements occurring about cardinal planes of movement

A

angular rotations

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32
Q

_____ force = perpendicular to segment

A

shear

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33
Q

____ force = parallel to segment

A

compression

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34
Q

How does Newtons second law of motion change when taking about angular motion?

A

An object of inertia will angularly accelerate proportional to the force applied to it and inversely to its mass

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35
Q

Biomechanically, the magnitude of the moment is mainly dependent upon the ____ _____.

A

joint angle

36
Q

A lever is a rigid body that, when subjected to a force, exerts force on any object impeding its tendency to ______.

A

rotate

37
Q

What is a first class lever?

A

Muscle force and resistance force act on opposite sides of the axis

38
Q

What is a second class lever?

A

Muscle force and resistance force act on the same side of the axis of rotation

39
Q

What is a third class lever?

A

Muscle force and resistance force act on the same side of the axis of rotation

40
Q

What class of lever are most anatomical levers?

A

3rd

41
Q

Mechanical ______ = the ratio of the muscle moment arm to the resistance moment arm.

A

advantage

42
Q

What is the formula for mechanical advantage?

A

MA = moment arm (muscle)/ moment arm (resistance)

43
Q

Increased MA ________ the need for increased muscle force.

A

reduces

44
Q

Stress and load are interchangeable terms (T/F).

A

TRUE

45
Q

_______ are the angular equivalent of force.

A

moments

46
Q

_______ is the amount of turning force about a particular joint of interest

A

moments

47
Q

Because muscles have origins and insertions away from the axis of rotation of the joints in which they cross, the _____ forces that hey exert along their line of action is translated into _____ forces (moments)

A

linear; angular

48
Q

If the moment arm is 0, then no moment is created regardless of the magnitude of the force( T/F)

A

TRUE

49
Q

What are 4 types of linear forces?

A
  1. Compression
  2. Distraction/tension
  3. Shear
  4. Torsion
50
Q

Forces _____ occur perpendicular to an object/segment/body

A

rarely

51
Q

Angle of ____ of force will dictate relative forces

A

application

52
Q

Since forces rarely occur perpendicular to an object/segment/body, different forces often occur _________

A

simultaneously

53
Q

In the human body, it isn’t ___ to have adjacent segments separated.

A

ideal

54
Q

There is always an ____ of _____, and muscle force will always result in rotation of one segment with respect to the other.

A

axis of rotation

55
Q

We can think of linear muscle forces being transferred into angular forces acting on a segment, which is called _____ _____.

A

joint rotation

56
Q

Muscles generate force along their ______ _____.

A

muscle bodies

57
Q

Angle of _____ will dictate relative compression/tension/shear

A

insertion

58
Q

Moments cause _____ _____ due to linear force production when one end of the linkage is fixed.

A

angular rotation

59
Q

Linear forces and angular rotations occur ________.

A

simultaneously

60
Q

In a compression force, the moment arm = ?

A

0

61
Q

In a perpendicular force, moment arm = ?

A

> 0

62
Q

You cannot get rotation without some ___________ between adjacent segments.

A

shearing

63
Q

In moment assessment, your job is to test maximal ________ muscle strength.

A

isometric

64
Q

What are the two major competing factors in moment profiles?

A
  1. muscle moment arm lengths

2. muscle length-tension relationship

65
Q

Optimal length will be _____ specific.

A

muscle

66
Q

Human movement is the result of translating ______ muscle forces into ______ segmental forces.

A

linear; angular

67
Q

What dictates the direction of rotation?

A

net moment

68
Q

What is the key factor in moment magnitude?

A

joint angle

69
Q

Effect of joint angle is _____ and _____ specific

A

joint; direction

70
Q

In human movement, there is alway an _____ of _____, and muscle forces will always result in rotation of one segment with respect to the other.

A

axis of rotation

71
Q

What is the formula for a moment?

A

force magnitude x moment arm

72
Q

Does knee OA affect just part or all of the joint?

A

all

73
Q

Where does the GRF travel when you step down ?

A

From the foot to the COM

74
Q

Does the GRF pass through the knee joint?

A

NO

75
Q

What movement does the GRF tend to cause?

A

adduction of tibia

76
Q

A higher knee adduction moment leads to higher compression force where?

A

Medial compartment of the tibia

77
Q

High knee adduction moment does not translate to high forces inside the knee joint (T/F).

A

FALSE

78
Q

Is the knee adduction moment higher or lower in patients with OA?

A

HIGHER

79
Q

Knee adduction moment is related to disease _______ and ______.

A

severity; symptoms

80
Q

The knee adduction moment predicts tibial ______ ______ _______.

A

bone mineral density

81
Q

What are the 7 factors in knee adduction moment validity ?

A
  1. Correlates with implantable load measurements
  2. Higher in OA vs. no-OA
  3. Related to disease severity
  4. Related to symptoms
  5. Predicts tibial BMD
  6. Predicts disease progression
  7. Predicts treatment success
82
Q

What is occurring in order to oppose the GRF and abduct the tibia?

A

collision of tibia and medial condyle of femur

83
Q

In a typical individual, how much load is transferred through the medial compartment of the tibia and femur?

A

85%

84
Q

What are 2 external contributions to movement?

A
  1. Gravity (limb weight)

2. External forces (GRF)

85
Q

What are 4 internal contributions to movement?

A
  1. Muscle forces
  2. Ligaments
  3. Bone
  4. Other soft tissue
86
Q

Does toeing out increase or decrease the GRF?

A

Decreases!

87
Q

Leaning trunk towards the stance leg increases or decreases knee adduction moment?

A

Decreases!

PHTH 517 (16 decks)

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