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PHTH 517 > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

_________ = the use of mathematical and physical principles to study and understand movement.

A

biomechanics

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2
Q

_______ = the study of movement without regard to the forces that cause the movement

A

kinematics

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3
Q

_____ = the study of the forces causing movements

A

kinetics

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4
Q

What are the 3 cardinal planes of motion?

A
  1. frontal
  2. sagittal
  3. transverse
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5
Q

What are the 3 axes of motion?

A
  1. anteroposterior
  2. mediolateral
  3. longitudinal
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6
Q

Movements occur ___ a plane of motion, _____ an axis of rotation.

A

in; about

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7
Q

In the frontal plane of motion, the axis of rotation is ?

A

anteroposterior

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8
Q

In the sagittal plane of motion, the axis of rotation is?

A

mediolateral

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9
Q

In the transverse plane of motion, the axis of rotation is ?

A

longitudinal

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10
Q

What is Newtons first law of linear motion?

A

Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless and unbalanced, external force is applied to it.

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11
Q

What is Newton’s second law of linear motion?

A

An object of mass will accelerate promotional to the force applied to it, and inversely to its mass

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12
Q

What is Newton’s this law of linear motion?

A

For every action force there is a reaction force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

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13
Q

________ = movement between joint surfaces

A

arthrokinematics

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14
Q

________ = movement between bones

A

osteokinematics

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15
Q

Osteokinematics is used to describe movement characteristics in terms of _______ and _______.

A

magnitude; timing

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16
Q

_______ ______ = a linkage of rigid bodies

A

kinematic chain

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17
Q

In an _____ chain, one end of the chain is free to move

A

open

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18
Q

In a _____ chain, there is a constraint imposed on both ends of the chain.

A

closed

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19
Q

What two things can acceleration be?

A
  1. The calculated/measured acceleration caused by a force

2. A constant, such as gravity

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20
Q

How much an object deforms relative to how much force is applied to it = ?

A

stress strain curve

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21
Q

The _____ of _____ is like the stress strain curve, but what we experience in a typical day.

A

envelope of function

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22
Q

The envelope of function is a relationship between what two variables?

A
  1. load

2. frequency

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23
Q

Overstepping your maximum capacity to adapt will result in what 3 things?

A
  1. Pain during effort
  2. Pain after
  3. Morning stiffness
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24
Q

What are the 3 types of internal forces?

A
  1. isometric
  2. concentric
  3. eccentric
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25
_________ force occurs when force is generated by the muscle but is equivalent to external resistance.
isometric
26
The relationship between what two variables will dictate the resultant linear/angular motion of a segment?
1. internal forces/moments | 2. external forces/moments
27
_________ are the angular equivalent of force.
moments
28
A moment is a _______ of the amount of force applied and the ________ from the force to the point of rotation
function; distance
29
The moment arm is the _______ distance from the line of action of the _____ application to the axis of rotation.
perpendicular; force
30
Linear forces and angular rotations occur _________.
simultaneously
31
________ _________ = kinematic movements occurring about cardinal planes of movement
angular rotations
32
_____ force = perpendicular to segment
shear
33
____ force = parallel to segment
compression
34
How does Newtons second law of motion change when taking about angular motion?
An object of inertia will angularly accelerate proportional to the force applied to it and inversely to its mass
35
Biomechanically, the magnitude of the moment is mainly dependent upon the ____ _____.
joint angle
36
A lever is a rigid body that, when subjected to a force, exerts force on any object impeding its tendency to ______.
rotate
37
What is a first class lever?
Muscle force and resistance force act on opposite sides of the axis
38
What is a second class lever?
Muscle force and resistance force act on the same side of the axis of rotation
39
What is a third class lever?
Muscle force and resistance force act on the same side of the axis of rotation
40
What class of lever are most anatomical levers?
3rd
41
Mechanical ______ = the ratio of the muscle moment arm to the resistance moment arm.
advantage
42
What is the formula for mechanical advantage?
MA = moment arm (muscle)/ moment arm (resistance)
43
Increased MA ________ the need for increased muscle force.
reduces
44
Stress and load are interchangeable terms (T/F).
TRUE
45
_______ are the angular equivalent of force.
moments
46
_______ is the amount of turning force about a particular joint of interest
moments
47
Because muscles have origins and insertions away from the axis of rotation of the joints in which they cross, the _____ forces that hey exert along their line of action is translated into _____ forces (moments)
linear; angular
48
If the moment arm is 0, then no moment is created regardless of the magnitude of the force( T/F)
TRUE
49
What are 4 types of linear forces?
1. Compression 2. Distraction/tension 3. Shear 4. Torsion
50
Forces _____ occur perpendicular to an object/segment/body
rarely
51
Angle of ____ of force will dictate relative forces
application
52
Since forces rarely occur perpendicular to an object/segment/body, different forces often occur _________
simultaneously
53
In the human body, it isn't ___ to have adjacent segments separated.
ideal
54
There is always an ____ of _____, and muscle force will always result in rotation of one segment with respect to the other.
axis of rotation
55
We can think of linear muscle forces being transferred into angular forces acting on a segment, which is called _____ _____.
joint rotation
56
Muscles generate force along their ______ _____.
muscle bodies
57
Angle of _____ will dictate relative compression/tension/shear
insertion
58
Moments cause _____ _____ due to linear force production when one end of the linkage is fixed.
angular rotation
59
Linear forces and angular rotations occur ________.
simultaneously
60
In a compression force, the moment arm = ?
0
61
In a perpendicular force, moment arm = ?
> 0
62
You cannot get rotation without some ___________ between adjacent segments.
shearing
63
In moment assessment, your job is to test maximal ________ muscle strength.
isometric
64
What are the two major competing factors in moment profiles?
1. muscle moment arm lengths | 2. muscle length-tension relationship
65
Optimal length will be _____ specific.
muscle
66
Human movement is the result of translating ______ muscle forces into ______ segmental forces.
linear; angular
67
What dictates the direction of rotation?
net moment
68
What is the key factor in moment magnitude?
joint angle
69
Effect of joint angle is _____ and _____ specific
joint; direction
70
In human movement, there is alway an _____ of _____, and muscle forces will always result in rotation of one segment with respect to the other.
axis of rotation
71
What is the formula for a moment?
force magnitude x moment arm
72
Does knee OA affect just part or all of the joint?
all
73
Where does the GRF travel when you step down ?
From the foot to the COM
74
Does the GRF pass through the knee joint?
NO
75
What movement does the GRF tend to cause?
adduction of tibia
76
A higher knee adduction moment leads to higher compression force where?
Medial compartment of the tibia
77
High knee adduction moment does not translate to high forces inside the knee joint (T/F).
FALSE
78
Is the knee adduction moment higher or lower in patients with OA?
HIGHER
79
Knee adduction moment is related to disease _______ and ______.
severity; symptoms
80
The knee adduction moment predicts tibial ______ ______ _______.
bone mineral density
81
What are the 7 factors in knee adduction moment validity ?
1. Correlates with implantable load measurements 2. Higher in OA vs. no-OA 3. Related to disease severity 4. Related to symptoms 5. Predicts tibial BMD 6. Predicts disease progression 7. Predicts treatment success
82
What is occurring in order to oppose the GRF and abduct the tibia?
collision of tibia and medial condyle of femur
83
In a typical individual, how much load is transferred through the medial compartment of the tibia and femur?
85%
84
What are 2 external contributions to movement?
1. Gravity (limb weight) | 2. External forces (GRF)
85
What are 4 internal contributions to movement?
1. Muscle forces 2. Ligaments 3. Bone 4. Other soft tissue
86
Does toeing out increase or decrease the GRF?
Decreases!
87
Leaning trunk towards the stance leg increases or decreases knee adduction moment?
Decreases!

PHTH 517 (16 decks)

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