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PHTH 517 > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 components of the O2 transport system?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. Hb concentration
  3. Blood volume and Q
  4. Peripheral blood flow
  5. Aerobic metabolism
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2
Q

A tubes resistance is _______ proportional to the __th power of its radius.

A

inversely; 4th

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3
Q

______ muscle fibers in arterioles control blood flow to capillary beds

A

smooth

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4
Q

_______ pressure witting capillaries draws fluid back.

A

osmotic

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5
Q

______ pressure forces fluid from capillary

A

blood

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6
Q

What are the 3 key components for delivering blood to working muscles?

A
  1. Heart function
  2. Blood flow distribution (including blood pressure)
  3. Oxygen extraction at muscles
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7
Q

Exercise = _______ overload.

A

functional

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8
Q

What are 4 anatomical changes with exercise?

A
  1. Increase mass and volume
  2. Increase size left ventricle cavity
  3. Modest increase left ventricle wall thickness
  4. Increase left ventricle EDV at rest and with exercise
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9
Q

_____ ______ = amount of blood ejected with each stroke

A

stroke volume

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10
Q

_____ _____ = amount of blood pumped by each heart beat

A

cardiac output

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11
Q

Blood flow from heart increases in ______ proportion to exercise intensity.

A

direct

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12
Q

If a steady state type exercise, Q then ______ as blood flow matches exercise metabolic requirements.

A

plateaus

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13
Q

When does SV approximately plateau?

A

at 50% VO2 max

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14
Q

What is another formula for stroke volume?

A

EDV - ESV

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15
Q

HR increases less rapidly in untrained (T/F).

A

FALSE (more)

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16
Q

What is the main training response to exercise?

A

increase in SV

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17
Q

What are two causes of increases pre-load?

A
  1. Increase with plasma volume

2. Greater blood volume

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18
Q

What two hormones cause an increase in plasma volume?

A
  1. anti-diuretic hormone

2. aldosterone

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19
Q

What are 4 results of increased pre-load?

A
  1. Enhances circulatory dynamics
  2. Enhances thermoregulatory dynamics
  3. Facilitates oxygen delivery to muscle during exercise
  4. Contributes to training-induced enlargement of left ventricle
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20
Q

What 3 factors lead to enhanced cardiac filling in diastole?

A
  1. Increased venous return (pre-load)
  2. Slower heart rate
  3. Increased compliance of left ventricle
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21
Q

Increased end-diastolic volume stretches myocardial fibers = more powerful ________ stroke when heart contracts.

A

ejection

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22
Q

_____ ______ law = relationship between muscle force and resting fibre length.

A

frank-starling

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23
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms that increase SV with training?

A
  1. Pre-load
  2. Enhanced cardiac filling in diastole filling
  3. Greater systolic emptying
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24
Q

_______ = stretch and recoil of arterial cells in superficial artery

A

pulse

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25
Q

______ = results from factors that oppose blood flow.

A

TPR

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26
Q

What is the formula for resistance?

A

(lengthxviscosity)/radius^4

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27
Q

Normally, length and blood ________ do not change substantially.

A

viscosity

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28
Q

What can change a lot that contributes to TPR?

A

Radius

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29
Q

BP = ?

A

Q x TPR

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30
Q

______ _____ ______ estimates the work of the heart.

A

systolic blood pressure

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31
Q

______ ______ ______ = force that blood exerts against the arterial walls during ventricular contraction or systole.

A

systolic blood pressure

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32
Q

________ ______ ____ = the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle.

A

diastolic blood pressure

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33
Q

________ _______ _______ = indicates peripheral resistance and ease that blood flows from the arterioles into the capillaries.

A

diastolic blood pressure

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34
Q

______ = the resistance the heart has to pump against

A

resistance

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35
Q

_______ = primarily based on blood pressure in the major arteries

A

after load

36
Q

The heart and blood vessels provide a _________ response to optimize tissue perfusion and maintain blood pressure.

A

coordinated

37
Q

_______ = rate of heart rate.

A

chronotopic

38
Q

_______ = the force of energy of muscular contraction

A

iontropic

39
Q

Extrinsic regulation of the heart = _______ by sympathetic influence, _______ by parasympathetic influence.

A

increased; decreased

40
Q

Brains higher ________ central command centre continually modulate medullary activity,

A

somatomotor

41
Q

_____ _____ = provides greatest control over HR.

A

central command

42
Q

The HR rapidly turns on during exercise by _______ parasympathetic inhibitory input and _______ stimulating input from the central command.

A

decreased; increased

43
Q

CV centre receives reflex sensory input from peripheral receptors in what 3 areas?

A
  1. blood vessels
  2. joints
  3. muscles
44
Q

What two things are located in muscles and its vasculature that monitor chemical and physical states, especially with exercise?

A
  1. chemoreceptors

2. mechanoreceptors

45
Q

Peripheral input modifies either _____ or _______ outflow to bring about appropriate CV and respiratory response to various intensities of PA.

A

parasympathetic; sympathetic

46
Q

Amount of Q received by an area depends on the ______ and ______ of arterioles supplying that area.

A
  1. number

2. caliber

47
Q

What are 4 intrinsic regulation of arterioles?

A
  1. Directly impact arteriole smooth muscle
  2. Local metabolic changes
  3. Local physical changes
  4. Signalling via endothelial cells lining vessels
48
Q

What are 2 extrinsic regulation of arterioles?

A
  1. Sympathetic and parasympathetic influences

2. Governed by central command

49
Q

What is blood flow at rest (mL)? What is blood flow at exercise? (mL)

A

5000mL; 25,000mL

50
Q

Regulation of capillary blood flow at exercise increases what two things?

A
  1. Increase blood flow to muscle

2. Increase interface for gas exchange between blood and muscle fibres

51
Q

Venous return is very important to maintain ____ _____.

A

cardiac output

52
Q

Why is there an increase in VR with exercise?

A
  1. Muscle pump

2. Change in diameter of veins due to constriction from vascular smooth muscle

53
Q

During submaximal exercise, blood flow is _______ or _____.

A

unchanged; lower

54
Q

There is a _____ increase in muscle blood flow during maximal exercise.

A

large

55
Q

What is the large increase in muscle blood flow during maximal exercise due to?

A
  1. Increase in Q
  2. Redistribution of blood from non-active areas
  3. Increased capillarization within trained muscles
56
Q

What are normal resting BP levels?

A

<120, <80

57
Q

What are prehypertensive values?

A

120-139/80-89

58
Q

What are stage 1 HTN values?

A

140-159/90-99

59
Q

What are stage 2 HTN values?

A

> or equal to 160/> or equal to 100

60
Q

As exercise starts, there should be a _____ increase in SBP and a _____ increase during a graded exercise test.

A

rapid; linear

61
Q

Regular ______ training may reduce systolic and diastolic BP during rest and submaximal exercise.

A

aerobic

62
Q

The largest reduction in blood pressure occurs in _____ pressure, particularly in ________ subjects.

A

diastolic; hypertensive

63
Q

What are 4 reasons that BP ages higher with resistance type activity?

A
  1. Straining type activity increases BP dramatically
  2. Sustained muscular force compresses peripheral arterioles
  3. Increased resistance to blood flow
  4. Elevated work of the heart to pump against increased TPR
64
Q

Valsalva maneuver generates compressive forces to increase _________ pressure.

A

Intrathoracic

65
Q

The _______ ______ causes thin wall, low pressure thoracic veins to collapse.

A

thin wall

66
Q

The valsalva maneuver causes (increased/reduced) venous return.

A

reduced

67
Q

The valsalva maneuver ______ SV.

A

lowers

68
Q

The decrease in SV due to the valsalva maneuver results in an ____ drop in BP.

A

acute

69
Q

What is the main reason that blood pressure increases more for upper body exercises compared to lower body ?

A

Smaller vasculature offers greater resistance to blood flow

70
Q

What are the 2 key mechanisms to increase supply of oxygen to working muscles?

A
  1. increase in blood flow

2. greater oxygen extraction

71
Q

___-___ difference = oxygen extraction from the arterial blood as it circulates throughout the body.

A

a-vO2

72
Q

What is the a-vO2 difference at rest?

A

5mL/dL

73
Q

What is the a-vO2 difference at exercise?

A

~18mL/dL

74
Q

What are 4 factors affecting a-vO2 difference?

A
  1. hemoconcetration with exercise
  2. diversion of Q to active tissue
  3. increase in skeletal muscle microcirculation
  4. increased number and size of mito
75
Q

Increased levels of anaerobic substrates = increased what two things?

A
  1. higher ATP

2. higher PCr

76
Q

What are 3 adaptations to short-term and immediate energy systems due to training?

A
  1. Increased levels of anaerobic substrates
  2. Increased quantity and activity of key enzymes
  3. Increased capacity to generate high levels of lactate
77
Q

What 3 things leads to increased capacity to generate high levels of lactate?

A
  1. Increased enzymes (to buffer lactate)
  2. “pain” tolerance
  3. Clearance capacity
78
Q

There is a potential for change in immediate and short-term energy systems with _______ exercise.

A

strenuous

79
Q

What are 3 metabolic adaptations to long-term aerobic exercise?

A
  1. increased mitochondrial size and number
  2. Increased aerobic system enzymes
  3. Increased fat and CHO catabolism
80
Q

What are two adaptations that happen to blood lactate concentration with long term aerobic exercise?

A
  1. decreased rate of lactate formation for given exercise intensity
  2. increased lactate clearance
81
Q

What are 4 adaptations to the long-term energy system (aerobic) with exercise?

A
  1. Metabolic
  2. Blood lactate [ ]
  3. CV adaptations
  4. Pulmonary adaptations
82
Q

Q is the product of what variables?

A

SV and HR

83
Q

Endurance athletes are able to achieve higher Q through large increases in what variables?

A

SV

84
Q

_______ _______ is the difference in O2 content of blood between arterial blood and mixed venous blood.

A

a-vO2 difference

85
Q

What is the main reason that BP is higher in upper body exercise compared to lower?

A

upper body vasculature is smaller in diameter than the lower

PHTH 517 (16 decks)

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