Motor learning

Question 1

______ = process of acquiring knowledge about the world

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

_______ ______ = set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capacity for producing skilled action.

Answer 2

motor learning

Question 3

Motor learning emerges from _____-_____-_____ processes

Answer 3

perception-cognition-action

Question 4

Motor learning is often inferred from ______ (performance)

Answer 4

behaviour

Question 5

______ _______ = temporary change in movement behaviour seen during a practice session.

Answer 5

motor performance

Question 6

Performance is ______ while learning is ______ _______.

Answer 6

temporary; relatively permanent

Question 7

What are the three stages that moro learning occurs in?

Answer 7

1. Cognitive
2. Associative
3. Autonomous

Question 8

________ = learning what to do

Answer 8

cognitive

Question 9

_________ = refining the movement pattern

Answer 9

associative

Question 10

________ = developing skill

Answer 10

autonomous

Question 11

The goal of the _______ stage = to improve the organization of the motor program.

Answer 11

associative

Question 12

What are the two stages in the two-stage model by Gentil?

Answer 12

1. Early stage

2. Late stage

Question 13

in the late stage of the two-stage model = ________/________

Answer 13

fixation/diversification

Question 14

In Gentiles two stage model, movement _________ influences the type of the information that the learning must acquire, and there are ________ strategies to facilitate progress at each stage.

Answer 14

environment; instructional

Question 15

What are relevant aspects for the two stage model?

Answer 15

regulatory conditions

Question 16

In the two stage model, the learner must learn to ignore the ___ ________ conditions, or irrelevant aspects of the environment which distract the performer

Answer 16

non-regulatory

Question 17

in the _____/______ stage, one must learn to match the new movement pattern to the environment in which it is to be performed.

Answer 17

fixation/diversification

Question 18

Each phase of motor learning is associated with ________ changes in the brain.

Answer 18

specific

Question 19

Different areas of the brain are involved during each stage of movement (T/f).

Answer 19

true

Question 20

Fundamental to motor learning is ________ .

Answer 20

practice

Question 21

_______ = practicing the same skill over and over again within a practice session

Answer 21

blocked

Question 22

________ = practicing several skills within a training session.

Answer 22

random

Question 23

_______ practice = faster acquisition and better initial performance of motor skill

Answer 23

blocked

Question 24

_______ practice = better retention of skill

Answer 24

random

Question 25

______ ______ = more beneficial for learning than conditions where the solution to the problem is provided.

Answer 25

problem solving

Question 26

________ without ______ = practice in the process of solving the problem rather than repeating the means of a solution time after time.

Answer 26

repetition

Question 27

_______ practice enhanced learning and transfer

Answer 27

variable

Question 28

What does using whole vs. part training depend on?

Answer 28

complexity and organization of the task

Question 29

Learner must engage in active movement to benefit from the _______ sensory feedback.

Answer 29

intrinsic

Question 30

________ driven movements = eliminate or distort the quality of these intrinsic sensations

Answer 30

passively

Question 31

_______ practicing a skill can have large positive effect on the actual task.

Answer 31

mentally

Question 32

Under what 2 conditions is mental practice effective under?

Answer 32

1. subject must already have a certain amount of proficiency in the skill
2. Beneficial only when mental practice is combined with physical performance of the skill

Question 33

What 4 areas can internally generated feedback come from?

Answer 33

1. Vestibular
2. Force
3. Vision
4. Proprioception

Question 34

Knowledge of ______ = info about the quality of the movement pattern

Answer 34

performance

Question 35

Knowledge of ______ = provided after the movement is completed and describes the outcome

Answer 35

results

Question 36

Via what 2 mechanisms does KR work?

Answer 36

1. Motivation

2. Association

Question 37

Augmented feedback can also _______ learning.

Answer 37

degrade

Question 38

An important aspect of internal feedback and processing = development of self generated error ________ capabilities and development of internal______ of correctness.

Answer 38

detection; reference

Question 39

________ of learning = influence of previous experiences on performing a skill in a new context or on learning a new skill.

Answer 39

transfer

Question 40

_________ transfer = previous experience has a beneficial effect on learning a new skill or o the performance of a skill in a new situation

Answer 40

positive

Question 41

_________ transfer = previous experience interferes with learning or a new skill

Answer 41

negative

Question 42

________ transfer = previous experience has no influence on performance of skill in a new context

Answer 42

zero

Question 43

What is the oldest principle of motor learning?

Answer 43

Specificity of practice

Question 44

_______ of _______ = to achieve optimal performance in a test, a person should experience practice conditions that match test conditions as closely as possible

Answer 44

specificity of practice

Question 45

What are two examples of conditions you could stimulate in terms of specificity of practice?

Answer 45

1. fatigue

2. anxiety

Question 46

Practice ________ = movement characteristics of the skills performed in practice

Answer 46

variability

Question 47

Practice specificity includes practice characteristics such as what 3 things ?

Answer 47

1. sensory-perceptual info
2. environmental context
3. cognitive processes

Question 48

_______ and ________ of practice are key factors in the level of expertise achieved

Answer 48

amount; quality

Question 49

Not all practice makes perfect, _________ practice is needed to develop expertise

Answer 49

deliberate

Question 50

Each therapeutic session is essentially a _______ ______ experience.

Answer 50

motor learning