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PHTH 517 > Infancy and Early Childhood > Flashcards

Infancy and Early Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 principles of motor development?

A
  1. cephalo-caudal
  2. proximo-distal
  3. general to specific
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2
Q

Infants develop control of the head within the first ___ months of life.

A

2

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3
Q

______ of ______ = infants knowledge about balance control is specific to the postures with which they have experience.

A

specificity of learning

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4
Q

What infants know about keeping balance while sitting (does/does not) help to keep balance when learning to crawl.

A

does not

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5
Q

What are 6 characteristics of immature walking?

A
  1. Short steps
  2. Flat-footed contact
  3. Wide base of support
  4. Balance-unpredictable
  5. High guard position of arms
  6. Swing phase if short (unable to balance on one leg)
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6
Q

What are 3 characteristics of elementary walking ?

A
  1. Step length increases
  2. Heal-toe contact
  3. Arms down to side - limited swing
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7
Q

What are 3 characteristics of mature walking?

A
  1. Reflexive arm swing
  2. Narrow BOS
  3. Heel-toe contact is well defined
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8
Q

Each day, infants take more than _____ steps and travel a distance of more than 29 football fields.

A

9,000

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9
Q

____ and _____ cannot be separated because development is not simply due to maturation of the CNS

A

perception; action

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10
Q

Infants must actively direct their attention to be able to _____ relevant information in the environment.

A

perceive

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11
Q

Can non-verbal cues influence an infants behaviour?

A

yes

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12
Q

Onset of _____ is one of the major life transitions in early development

A

locomotion

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13
Q

Walking involves changes in what 4 areas?

A
  1. Perception
  2. Spatial cognition
  3. Social development
  4. Emotional development
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14
Q

In children __ to __ yo, they are able to walk on tip toes, jump with to feet, stand on one foot, kick a ball, run, gallop and ascend and descend stairs independently.

A

2-3

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15
Q

Children ___-___ yo are able to walk in a straight line, run faster and more controlled, stop in a controlled manner, jump on one foot, ride a bike, throw to targets, somersaults, dress and eat independently, etc.

A

3-5

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16
Q

Learning to ___ is a complex biomechanical and neuromotor task.

A

reach

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17
Q

When reaching, the neuromotor system must take into account the _____ and ____ forces generated by the movement itself

A

passive;active

18
Q

What are 3 characteristics of reaching and grasping from birth to 2 months?

A
  1. hands fisted
  2. reflexive grasping
  3. arm movements appear purposeful and visually triggered, but little notice of hand during flight
19
Q

What are 3 characteristics of reaching and grasping from 3 to 5 months?

A
  1. Ulnar grasp
  2. Uses visual info at end of reach for hand targeting
  3. Increased frequency of reaching
20
Q

What are 3 characteristics of reaching and grasping from 6-8 months?

A
  1. Radial grasp
  2. Uses ranking to grasp multiple small objects
  3. Reaching path is straight
21
Q

What are 2 characteristics of reaching and grasping from 9-11 months?

A
  1. points and pokes with index finger

2. uses pincer grasp to pick up small objects

22
Q

What are 3 characteristics of reaching and grasping from 12-18 months?

A
  1. picks up two cubes in one hand
  2. opens books
  3. handedness usually established
23
Q

At what age should you see a mature tripod grasp?

A

4.5 years

24
Q

When can children usually button and unbutton?

A

3-3.5 years

25
Q

Babies have the capacity to distinguish all sounds across the languages of the world (T/F)>

A

True

26
Q

The ability to distinguish sounds becomes language specific between ___ to ___ months.

A

9-12

27
Q

Language learning is influenced by _______ _______.

A

social interaction

28
Q

When do children begin to react to their own name?

A

birth to 5 months

29
Q

When do children start to wave goodbye and adopt an adult pattern of inflection
?

A

6-9 months

30
Q

When do children use dada and mama specifically and have a 1-3 word vocabulary?

A

10-15 months

31
Q

When do children start to begin to have 2 word sentences and have an expressive vocab of 50 words, including their own name?

A

16-24 months

32
Q

At what age is there a rapid language acquisition and beginning to til in 3 word sentences?

A

2 years

33
Q

When do children begin to use language actively and have an expressive vocabulary of up to 1000 words?

A

preschool (3-4)

34
Q

During the ________ stage (birth to 2 years), it is the period of time when an infants knowledge of the world is limited to her/his sensory perception and motor activities.

A

sensorimotor

35
Q

During the ___-_______ stage (2-4 years), there is increased use of verbal representation but speech is egocentric, there are the beginnings of symbolic rather than simple motor play, and they can think about something without the object being present by use of language.

A

pre-operational

36
Q

Crying gradually decreases around __ to __ months because infant learns to self-soothe.

A

3-4

37
Q

Children smile to express pleasure by __ months.

A

2

38
Q

As early as ___ months of age, babies are interested in one another.

A

2

39
Q

By __ to __ months of age babies will smile and babble at other babies.

A

6-9

40
Q

By __ to __ months of age babies begin to imitate each other; this is the beginning of
___.

A

9-12; play

41
Q

By 1-2 years toddlers develop _____ _______ (are aware of the intent of others)

A

reciprocal imitation

42
Q

By age __ most children engage in elaborate play

A

5

PHTH 517 (16 decks)

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