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Pathology > Pulmonary Pathology > Flashcards

Pulmonary Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the breakdown of the lung structures going from proximal to distal?

A 
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Acinus
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2
Q

If a patient aspirates a crown, which lung is it more likely to end up in?

A

Right lung

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3
Q

____ (structure in the lung)

cartilage and glands

A

Bronchus -

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4
Q

____ (structure in the lung)

lack cartilage and glands, has smooth muscle

A

Bronchiole -

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5
Q

Type ____ pneumocyte –
flattened alveolar
lining cell

A

Type 1

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6
Q

Type _____ pneumocyte –

surfactant, repair

A

Type 2

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7
Q 
• Surface active agent –reduces surface 
tension
• Type II pneumocytes by 27-28th weeks of 
gestation
• Hyaline membrane disease
A

Surfactant

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8
Q

Pain is not a part of lung disease until the _____ is involved

A

pleura

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9
Q

_______ Atelectasis (collapsed lung)

– Obstruction prevents air
from reaching distal
airway

A

• Resorption

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10
Q

_______ Atelectasis (collapsed lung)

– Fluid within pleural
cavity

A

• Compression

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11
Q

_______ Atelectasis (collapsed lung)

– Local or generalized
fibrotic changes

A

• Contraction

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12
Q

What are the 2 conditions that make up COPD?

A

Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema

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13
Q

–
chronic inflammation of
bronchi

A

Chronic bronchitis

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14
Q

–
destruction of elastic
tissue, loss of surface
area

A

Emphysema

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15
Q

• Chronic bronchitis –increases resistance to the
outflow of air
• Emphysema –reduces the elastic recoil of the lung
and surface area
• Common in cigarette smokers
• Rare in non-smokers
• Frequently occur together

A

COPD

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16
Q

Does chronic bronichitis occur in proximal or distal airways?

A

Proximal

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17
Q

Does emphysema occur in proximal or distal airways?

A

Distal

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18
Q

• Clinical definition –persistent productive cough for 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years

A

Chronic bronchitis

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19
Q

With chronic bronchitis, is inspiration or expiration difficult?

A

Expiration

20
Q 
• Abnormal permanent 
enlargement of the air 
spaces
• Destruction of alveolar 
walls without fibrosis
• Reduction in surface 
area for gas exchange
A

Emphysema

21
Q

______ Emphysema
• Typically seen in
cigarette smokers

A

Centrilobular

22
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Emphysema
• Most commonly seen 
in Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin 
Deficiency
• Seen in people without 
risk factors (smoking)
A

Panacinar

23
Q

• Causes a rare form of emphysema –panacinar emphysema

A

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

24
Q
  • A secondary disease; not a primary disease
  • Permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles caused by destruction of muscle and supporting tissue resulting from chronic necrotizing infections
  • Cough and expectoration of copious amounts of purulent sputum
A

Bronchiectasis

25
Q
  • Severe dyspnea with wheezing
  • Difficulty with expiration
  • Bronchi constricted and filled with mucin and debris
  • Attacks last from one to several hours
  • Subside spontaneously or with therapy –usually bronchodilators and corticosteroids
  • Status asthmaticus –a severe paroxysm that does not respond to therapy and persists
A

Bronchial asthma

26
Q
  • Mucus accumulation
  • Goblet cell hyperplasia
  • Hypertrophy of submucosalmucous glands
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Basement membrane thickening
  • Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia
A

Bronchial asthma

27
Q
  • Allergic disease - repeated immediate hypersensitivity and late phase reactions
  • Intermittent and reversible airway obstruction
  • Chronic bronchial inflammation with eosinophils
  • Bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyper-reactivity
A

Allergic asthma

28
Q

• Aspirin sensitivity –aspirin induces asthma
attack
• History of recurrent rhinitis, nasal polyps,
urticaria and bronchospasm

A

Drug-Induced Asthma

29
Q

The most common lung tumor is ____ due to lymphatics?

A

Metastatic

30
Q
  • Most often seen in cigarette smokers
  • Arises centrally from main bronchi close to the bifurcation
  • Squamous metaplasia precursor lesion
  • Prognosis depends on the stage
A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

31
Q

• Smoking causes squamous ______ of
respiratory epithelium
• Creates “dead spots” in mucociliary escalator
• Creates “fertile soil” for development of
epithelial dysplasia leading to squamous cell
carcinoma (most common type of
bronchogenic carcinoma in smokers)

A

metaplasia

32
Q
  • Arise centrally
  • Aggressive –metastasize early and widely
  • Chemotherapy
  • Neuroendocrine origin
  • Frequent association with smoking
A

Small Cell carcinoma

33
Q

______ is a form of lung cancer that arises peripherally

A

Adenocarcinoma

34
Q 
• Undifferentiated 
epithelial tumors that 
lack the cytologic
features of small cell 
carcinoma and 
glandular or squamous 
differentiation
A

Large cell carcinoma

35
Q 
• Obstruction of superior 
vena cava 
• Impaired venous return 
from the head and neck
• Edema and congestion of 
face, neck and upper chest
• Upper extremity veins fail 
to empty on elevation
A

Superior vena cava syndrome

36
Q 
Compression of the sympathetic 
nerves to head and neck causing:
• Enophthalmos –retraction of 
globe
• Ptosis of the upper eyelid
• Miosis - Pupillary constriction
• Anhidrosis –lack of sweating
A

Horner syndrome

37
Q

What are the 4 signs of horner syndrome?

A

Enophthalmos
Ptosis
Miosis
Anhidrosis

38
Q 
• Compression of the 
lower cervical and 
upper thoracic nerves 
causing shoulder pain 
radiating down the arm
A

Pancoast Syndrome

39
Q 
• Malignant neoplasm of 
pleura associated with 
environmental 
asbestos exposure
• Asbestos also increases 
risk for squamous cell 
carcinoma as well as 
mesothelioma
A

Mesothelioma

40
Q

____ is the pneumonia associated with AIDS

-reclassified from a protozoan to a fungus

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci

41
Q
  • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis or bovis
  • In AIDS patients, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is a common pathogen
  • Transmitted from person-to-person by aerosolized droplets during coughing, sneezing and talking
  • Initial lesion in lung (Gohn focus/complex)
  • Following exposure the course of events is variable - may disseminate and cause systemic involvement
  • Before anti-tubercular drugs, nature took its course
A

Tuberculosis

42
Q

• Lung scarring from inhaled particulate matter

A

Pneumoconioses

43
Q

____ lung cancer associatted with EBV

affects the upper airway

A

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

44
Q

What are the 4 conditions assocaited with EBV?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Infectious Mononucleosis
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia

45
Q

• Most common presenting symptom of is hoarseness
• Vocal cord nodules (singer’s nodes, polyps) –chronic irritation
• papillomas –squamous papilloma - HPV
– Solitary in adults
– Multiple in children
• Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP)
• HPV types 6 and 11 (vaccination) –vertical transmission from infected mother
• Spontaneously regress at puberty

A

Larynx Cancer

Pathology (26 decks)

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