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Pathology > Edema > Flashcards

Edema Flashcards

1
Q

Escape of Fluid

A

Edema

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2
Q

Escape of cellular elements of blood

A

Hemorrhage

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3
Q

Undesired clotting of blood

A

Thrombosis

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4
Q

Detached intravascular mass

A

Embolism

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5
Q

Ischemic necrosis

A

Ischemia

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6
Q

Tissue injury secondary to systemic hypotension

A

Shock

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7
Q

Water accounts for ____ % of the lean body weight

A

60 %

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8
Q

Is most water of the body in extracellular or intracellular spaces?

A

Intracellular

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9
Q

Residual fluid left in the interstitium is drained by _______

A

Lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

How much fluid (ml/min) is moved out from arteries to tissues?

A

14 ml/min

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11
Q

How much fluid (ml/min) is moved in from tissues to veins?

A

12 ml/min

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12
Q

How much fluid is drained via the lymphatic system (ml/min)?

A

2 ml/min

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13
Q

Accumulation of interstitial fluid within the tissues

A

–Edema

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14
Q

= pleural effusion

A

Hydrothorax

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15
Q

= pericardial effusion

A

Hydropericardium

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16
Q

=ascites (alcoholic cirrhosis)

A

Hydroperitoneum

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17
Q

–High specific gravity
–Protein rich
–Inflammatory edema

A

•Exudate

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18
Q

–Low specific gravity
–Protein poor
–Volume or pressure overload
–Reduced plasma protein

A

Transudate

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19
Q
  • Lymphatic spread of bacterial infection

* Painful red streaks and regional lymphadenopathy

A

Lymphangitis

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20
Q

–Increase in fluid in the interstitial space caused by an abnormality in the lymphatic system
–Lymphatic fluid collects in tissues causing edema
–May be congenital or acquired
•Acquired
•Congenital

A

Lymphedema

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21
Q
  • Parasitic tropical disease
  • Mosquito vector
  • Nematode (roundworm) -Wuchereriabancrofti
  • Lymph node fibrosis, lymph stasis and chronic lymphedema
  • Elephantiasis
A

Lymphatic Filariasis

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22
Q
  • Angiosarcoma arising from chronic lymphedema

* Long-standing lymphedema secondary to surgical lymph node dissection and/or radiation therapy

A

Stewart-Treves Syndrome

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23
Q

Severe, generalized edema

A

Ansarca

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24
Q
  • Congestion in systemic and portal venous circulations •Congestive hepatomegaly -chronic passive congestion -“nutmeg” liver
  • Congestive splenomegaly
  • Pleural effusion
  • Peripheral edema -pitting edema
A

Right-sided edema

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25
Q
  • Increased intra-cranial pressure may result in herniation of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum
  • Compression of the medulla depression of the centers for respiration and cardiac rhythm control
A

Cerebral Edema

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26
Q

_____ edema is usually caused by –Increased vascular permeability (injury-inflammation)–Obstruction of venous or lymphatic outflow

A

Localized

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27
Q

_______ edema is generally caused by decreased plasma osmotic pressure

A

Generalized

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28
Q

Generalized edema is generally caused by decreased ________

A

plasma osmotic pressure

29
Q 
Severe swelling and edema of the entire body is called:
A.Ascites
B.Transudate
C.Effusion
D.Anasarca
A

Ansarca

30
Q

What are the 5 pathophysiologic categories of edema?

A 
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Decreased plasma osmotic pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Sodium retention
Inflammation
31
Q

Arteriolar dilation leads to increased blood flow
–Active process
–Sites of inflammation
–Skeletal muscle during exercise
•Affected tissues turn red (erythema) because of engorgement of vessels with oxygenated blood

A

Hyperemia

32
Q
  • Reduced outflow of blood from a tissue (stasis)–Passive process–Impaired venous drainage dilation of venules and capillaries
  • Congested tissues take on a dusky, reddish-blue color (cyanosis) due to red cell stasis and accumulation of deoxygenated hemoglobin
A

Deep venous thrombosis

33
Q

Compression of superior vena cava by neoplasm obstructing venous return

A

Superior Vena Cava syndrome

34
Q

= extravasation of blood into the extravascular space

A

Hemorrhage

35
Q

____ hemorrhage =rupture of a large vessel secondary to injury –Trauma, atherosclerosis, erosion of a vessel wall (inflammation or neoplasia)

A

Severe hemorrhage

36
Q

___________ =increased tendency to hemorrhage –occurs in a variety of clinical disorders

A

Hemorrhagic diathesis

37
Q

: pinpoint hemorrhages

A

Petechiae

38
Q

: petechiae become confluent> 0.3 cm

A

Purpura

39
Q

:purpurae become confluent> 1.0 cm

A

Ecchymosis

40
Q

: a physiologic process that maintains blood in a fluid state in normal vessels, yet also permits the rapid formation of a hemostatic clot at the site of a vascular injury

A

Hemostasis

41
Q

: pathologic counterpart of hemostasis that involves blood clot (thrombus) formation within intact vessels

A

Thrombosis

42
Q

____ hemostasis is associated with platelet plug

A

Primary hemostasis

43
Q

______ hemostasis is associated with fibrin clot

A

Secondary hemostasis

44
Q

_____ hemostasis: formation of hemostatic plug–Highly thrombogenic sub-endothelial matrix exposed–Platelet adherence and activation–Shape change from small, round disks to flat plates with markedly increased surface area–Release of secretory granules–Recruitment of additional platelets (aggregation)

A

Primary hemostasis

45
Q
  • Most common hereditary bleeding disorder•Group of bleeding disorders
  • Quantitative or qualitative abnormality of the von Willebrand factor (vWF)
  • vWF is a platelet adhesion molecule required for normal platelet adhesion
  • vWF is the carrier protein for factor VIIIsite of injury
A

Von Willebrand Disease

46
Q

•Compound defect involving both platelet function and coagulation pathway

A

von Willebrand Disease

47
Q
  • Balance between antithrombotic and prothrombotic properties of endothelium determines whether thrombus formation, propagation or dissolution occurs
  • Normally exhibit antiplatelet, anticoagulant and antifibrinolytic properties
  • May be activated by trauma, infectious agents, hemodynamic forces, plasma mediators and cytokines
  • After activation, endothelial cells acquire procoagulant activities
A

Endothelial Cells

48
Q

What are the 3 factors leading to thrombosis (Virchow’s triad)?

A

Endothelial injury
Stasis or turbulent flow
Hypercoagulability of the blood flow

49
Q

____- thrombi–Heart chambers or aortic lumen

A

Mural thrombi

50
Q

_______ thrombi–Frequently occlusive–Most common: Coronary, cerebral, femoral arteries–Superimposed on ruptured, ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque

A

Arterial thrombi

51
Q

______ thrombi –Usually occlusive: thrombus forms a long cast of the lumen–Veins of lower extremities

A

Venous thrombi

52
Q

_______ thrombi–Begin at sites of turbulence or endothelial injury–Propagate away from the heart

A

Arterial or cardiac thrombi

53
Q

_______ thrombi–Occur at site of stasis–Propagate toward the heart

A

Venous thrombi

54
Q
  • Thrombi often have grossly and microscopically apparent laminations called_______
  • Pale platelet and fibrin deposits alternating with darker red cell-rich layers
  • Laminations signify that a thrombus has formed in flowing blood
  • Their presence can distinguish antemortem thrombosis from the bland, non-laminated clots that occur postmortem
A

lines of Zahn

55
Q

Fate of thrombus: fibrinolysis

A

Dissolution

56
Q

Fate of thrombus: accumulate additional platelets and fibrin

A

Propagation

57
Q

Fate of thrombus: dislodge and travel to other sites in the vasculature

A

Embolization

58
Q

_____ thrombi:

-Embolize to lungs and cause death

A

Venous thrombi

59
Q

_____ thrombi:

Embolize and cause downstream infarctions

A

Arterial thrombi

60
Q

_____ thrombi:
–Cause local congestion, swelling, pain and tenderness
–Rarely embolize

A

Superficial venous thrombi

61
Q

_____ thrombi:
–Cause local pain and edema –rapidly offset by collateral channels–More often embolize to lungs–Half are asymptomatic, recognized in retrospect after embolization

A

Deep venous thrombi

62
Q
  • Widespread fibrin thrombi in the microcirculation–not grossly visible but can be seen microscopicallyplatelet and coagulation protein consumption (consumptive coagulopathy)
  • May cause diffuse circulatory insufficiency–brain, heart, lungs, kidneys
  • Fibrinolytic mechanisms are activated
  • Initial thrombotic disorder can evolve into a bleeding disorder
  • Not a primary disease but a potential complication of any condition associated with widespread activation of thrombin–E.g. advanced malignancy, obstetric complication
A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

63
Q
  • A detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin
  • Lodge in vessels too small to permit further passage and cause partial or complete occlusion –Major consequence is ischemic necrosis (infarction) of the downstream tissue
A

Embolus

64
Q

_____ emboli:

–tend to lodge in one vascular bed (lung)

A

Venous emboli

65
Q

_____ emboli:
–can travel to a wide variety of sites
–Point of arrest depends on source and relative amount of blood flow
–^ in lower extremities and brain
–Consequences depend on vulnerability of tissue to ischemia, caliber of occluded vessel and collateral blood supply

A

Arterial emboli

66
Q

An embolus that originates on the right side venous circulation and bypasses lung lodges in the left side systemic arterial circulation

A

Paradoxical embolus

67
Q

–Restriction in blood supply, usually due to factors in the blood vessels–Lack of oxygen, glucose and other bloodborne materials tissue damage

A

Ischemia

68
Q

–Complete loss of blood supply, resulting in necrosis

–Ischemic necrosis

A

Infarct

69
Q

–More general term denoting a shortage of oxygen

–Usually a result of lack of oxygen in the air being breathed

A

Hypoxia

Pathology (26 decks)

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