Cell Injury and Adaptation Flashcards
What are the 4 modes of adaptation?
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia
_______ –increase in the size of an organ without an increase in cell number; usually occurs only in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Hypertrophy
Adaptation where an increase in cell number occurs?
Hyperplasia
______ is the increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells
Hyperplasia
The _____ is the only organ capable of regeneration: this is done via hyperplasia
Liver
A papilloma is an example of _______
Epithelial hyperplasia
A Pyogenic granuloma is an example of _____
endothelial hyperplasia
A fibroma is an example of _______
Fibrous hyperplasia
A epulis fissuratum is an example of ______
Fibrous hyperplasia
Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia is an example of ____ and _____ hyperplasia
Epithelial and fibrous hyperplasia
A sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia is an example of ______ hyperplasia
Osseous hyperplasia
An exostoses is an example of _____ hyperplasia
Osseous hyperplasia
Hyperplasia of the gingiva is called ______
Gingival enlargement
_____ is are drugs that induce drug-induced gingival enlargement
Procardia
Cyclosporin
Dilantin
All of the following cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: •Inflammatory hyperplasia •Drug-induced enlargement –Calcium channel blockers, cyclosporine, dilantin •Leukemic infiltrates •Amyloid infiltration •Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome •Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis •Cowden syndrome •Wegener granulomatosis
Gingival enlargement
Idiopathic unilateral growth of the mandibular condyle
CONDYLAR HYPERPLASIA
HYPERPLASIA OF MALE BREAST
GYNECOMASTIA
______ is the reduction in size of cells, tissues or organs
Atrophy
The following are examples of ______ atrophy:
•Atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation
•Atrophy of the brain due to ischemia
Pathologic atrophy
The following are examples of ______ atrophy:
•Atrophy of the uterus after pregnancy
•Involution of the thymus in early adult life
Physiologic atrophy
\_\_\_\_\_\_ results from the following: •Disuse •Denervation •Lack of trophic hormones •Ischemia -reduction in blood supply •Malnutrition •Idiopathic –Parry-Romberg syndrome
Atrophy
_____ is an idiopathic condition seen in progressive hemifacial atrophy
Parry Romberg Syndrome
_____ is the replacement of one mature cell type by another one.
-It generally represents a change to a “tougher” cell type
•Replacement of bronchial stratified columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium is an example of squamous metaplasia that occurs in smokers
-is generally reversible and the tissue reverts to its normal state after the irritant is removed
Metaplasia
Intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus, called _________ is caused by chronic irritation by gastric juices in gastroesophageal reflux; squamous to gastric-type epithelium
Barrett esophagus
In smoker’s lungs, the bronchial epithelium changes from stratified columnar to _____
Stratified squamous
Does necrotizing sialometaplasia heal on its own or require surgical treatment?
Heals on its own
What are the 3 non-adaptive modes to how cells respond to non-lethal injury?
Agenesis
Aplasia
Hypoplasia
The complete lack of formation of some structure; usually not compatible with life when occurring during development
Agenesis
______ is the incomplete development of an organ
•The organ never reached its normal size
Hypoplasia
MANDIBULO-FACIAL DYSPLASIA and TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME are examples of ______
Hypoplasia
Regional odontodysplasia is an example of _____
Hypoplasia
______ literally means abnormal formation
•The term is used in many contexts (usually used in context of potentially premalignant condition)
Dysplasia
Fatty liver is an example of a ____ change due to adaptation
Reversible
What are the 2 types of death associated with irreversible changes?
Necrosis
Apoptosis
_____ is cell death where there is widespread destruction: enzymatic leakage of cellular contents
Necrosis
_____ is cell death isolated to one cell: phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and fragments
Apoptosis
–a small, dark and shrunken nucleus
Pyknosis
–nuclear fragmentation
Karyorrhexis
–dissolution of the nucleus
Karyolysis
____ necrosis –typically seen in hypoxic injury (myocardial infarct)
Coagulative necrosis
____ necrosis –typically seen in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct
Liquefactive necrosis
____ necrosis –necrotic tissue is converted into a cheesy mass (tuberculosis)
Caseous necrosis
____ necrosis–characteristically seen in acute pancreatitis
Fat necrosis
what are the proteolytic enzymes involved in apoptosis?
Caspases
- Programmed cell death occurs through activation of an internal suicide program
- CASPASES
- Selectively eliminates unwanted cells with minimal disturbance to the surrounding cells
- The plasma membrane remains intact, but its structure is altered so that the it becomes a target for phagocytosis
- The dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out and therefore does not elicit an inflammatory reaction
Apoptosis
______ apoptosis
•Programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis
•Hormone-dependent involution of tissues in the adult
•Deletion of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes
•Cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells (virally-infected or neoplastic cells)
Physiologic apoptosis
______ apoptosis
•If DNA repair mechanisms can’t cope with damage, the cells kills itself by apoptosis
•Cell death in certain viral infections (hepatitis)
•Pathologic atrophy in organs after obstruction
•Cell death in tumors
Pathologic apoptosis
The following are _____ pigments:
–Carbon -anthracosis
–Tattooing –skin and mucosal tattoos
Exogenous pigments
The following are \_\_\_\_\_ pigments: –Lipofuscin –Melanin –formed in melanocytes –Hemosiderin –hemoglobin-derived –Bilirubin
Endogenous pigments
________ is the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue
Pathologic calcification
______ calcification occurs in nonviable or dying tissues in the presence of normal serum calcium levels
Dystrophic calcification
______ calcification occurs in viable tissues and is associated with hypercalcemia
Metastatic calcification
