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Pathology > Cell Injury and Adaptation > Flashcards

Cell Injury and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 modes of adaptation?

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia

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2
Q

_______ –increase in the size of an organ without an increase in cell number; usually occurs only in skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

Hypertrophy

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3
Q

Adaptation where an increase in cell number occurs?

A

Hyperplasia

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4
Q

______ is the increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells

A

Hyperplasia

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5
Q

The _____ is the only organ capable of regeneration: this is done via hyperplasia

A

Liver

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6
Q

A papilloma is an example of _______

A

Epithelial hyperplasia

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7
Q

A Pyogenic granuloma is an example of _____

A

endothelial hyperplasia

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8
Q

A fibroma is an example of _______

A

Fibrous hyperplasia

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9
Q

A epulis fissuratum is an example of ______

A

Fibrous hyperplasia

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10
Q

Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia is an example of ____ and _____ hyperplasia

A

Epithelial and fibrous hyperplasia

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11
Q

A sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia is an example of ______ hyperplasia

A

Osseous hyperplasia

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12
Q

An exostoses is an example of _____ hyperplasia

A

Osseous hyperplasia

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13
Q

Hyperplasia of the gingiva is called ______

A

Gingival enlargement

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14
Q

_____ is are drugs that induce drug-induced gingival enlargement

A

Procardia
Cyclosporin
Dilantin

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15
Q 
All of the following cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
•Inflammatory hyperplasia
•Drug-induced enlargement –Calcium channel blockers, cyclosporine, dilantin
•Leukemic infiltrates
•Amyloid infiltration
•Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
•Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
•Cowden syndrome
•Wegener granulomatosis
A

Gingival enlargement

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16
Q

Idiopathic unilateral growth of the mandibular condyle

A

CONDYLAR HYPERPLASIA

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17
Q

HYPERPLASIA OF MALE BREAST

A

GYNECOMASTIA

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18
Q

______ is the reduction in size of cells, tissues or organs

A

Atrophy

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19
Q

The following are examples of ______ atrophy:
•Atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation
•Atrophy of the brain due to ischemia

A

Pathologic atrophy

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20
Q

The following are examples of ______ atrophy:
•Atrophy of the uterus after pregnancy
•Involution of the thymus in early adult life

A

Physiologic atrophy

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21
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ results from the following:
•Disuse
•Denervation
•Lack of trophic hormones
•Ischemia -reduction in blood supply
•Malnutrition
•Idiopathic –Parry-Romberg syndrome
A

Atrophy

22
Q

_____ is an idiopathic condition seen in progressive hemifacial atrophy

A

Parry Romberg Syndrome

23
Q

_____ is the replacement of one mature cell type by another one.
-It generally represents a change to a “tougher” cell type
•Replacement of bronchial stratified columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium is an example of squamous metaplasia that occurs in smokers
-is generally reversible and the tissue reverts to its normal state after the irritant is removed

A

Metaplasia

24
Q

Intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus, called _________ is caused by chronic irritation by gastric juices in gastroesophageal reflux; squamous to gastric-type epithelium

A

Barrett esophagus

25
Q

In smoker’s lungs, the bronchial epithelium changes from stratified columnar to _____

A

Stratified squamous

26
Q

Does necrotizing sialometaplasia heal on its own or require surgical treatment?

A

Heals on its own

27
Q

What are the 3 non-adaptive modes to how cells respond to non-lethal injury?

A

Agenesis
Aplasia
Hypoplasia

28
Q

The complete lack of formation of some structure; usually not compatible with life when occurring during development

A

Agenesis

29
Q

______ is the incomplete development of an organ

•The organ never reached its normal size

A

Hypoplasia

30
Q

MANDIBULO-FACIAL DYSPLASIA and TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME are examples of ______

A

Hypoplasia

31
Q

Regional odontodysplasia is an example of _____

A

Hypoplasia

32
Q

______ literally means abnormal formation

•The term is used in many contexts (usually used in context of potentially premalignant condition)

A

Dysplasia

33
Q

Fatty liver is an example of a ____ change due to adaptation

A

Reversible

34
Q

What are the 2 types of death associated with irreversible changes?

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

35
Q

_____ is cell death where there is widespread destruction: enzymatic leakage of cellular contents

A

Necrosis

36
Q

_____ is cell death isolated to one cell: phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and fragments

A

Apoptosis

37
Q

–a small, dark and shrunken nucleus

A

Pyknosis

38
Q

–nuclear fragmentation

A

Karyorrhexis

39
Q

–dissolution of the nucleus

A

Karyolysis

40
Q

____ necrosis –typically seen in hypoxic injury (myocardial infarct)

A

Coagulative necrosis

41
Q

____ necrosis –typically seen in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct

A

Liquefactive necrosis

42
Q

____ necrosis –necrotic tissue is converted into a cheesy mass (tuberculosis)

A

Caseous necrosis

43
Q

____ necrosis–characteristically seen in acute pancreatitis

A

Fat necrosis

44
Q

what are the proteolytic enzymes involved in apoptosis?

A

Caspases

45
Q
  • Programmed cell death occurs through activation of an internal suicide program
  • CASPASES
  • Selectively eliminates unwanted cells with minimal disturbance to the surrounding cells
  • The plasma membrane remains intact, but its structure is altered so that the it becomes a target for phagocytosis
  • The dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out and therefore does not elicit an inflammatory reaction
A

Apoptosis

46
Q

______ apoptosis
•Programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis
•Hormone-dependent involution of tissues in the adult
•Deletion of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes
•Cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells (virally-infected or neoplastic cells)

A

Physiologic apoptosis

47
Q

______ apoptosis
•If DNA repair mechanisms can’t cope with damage, the cells kills itself by apoptosis
•Cell death in certain viral infections (hepatitis)
•Pathologic atrophy in organs after obstruction
•Cell death in tumors

A

Pathologic apoptosis

48
Q

The following are _____ pigments:
–Carbon -anthracosis
–Tattooing –skin and mucosal tattoos

A

Exogenous pigments

49
Q 
The following are \_\_\_\_\_ pigments:
–Lipofuscin
–Melanin –formed in melanocytes
–Hemosiderin –hemoglobin-derived
–Bilirubin
A

Endogenous pigments

50
Q

________ is the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue

A

Pathologic calcification

51
Q

______ calcification occurs in nonviable or dying tissues in the presence of normal serum calcium levels

A

Dystrophic calcification

52
Q

______ calcification occurs in viable tissues and is associated with hypercalcemia

A

Metastatic calcification

Pathology (26 decks)

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