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Pathology > Physical and Chemical Injuries > Flashcards

Physical and Chemical Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

Injury caused by the healthcare provider is ______

A

Iatrogenic

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2
Q 
The following are \_\_\_\_ injuries:
•Cotton roll injury
•Dental thermoplastic compound
•X-ray film trauma
•Lacerations
A

Iatrogenic injuries

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3
Q
  • Self-inflicted injury caused by the patient

* Munchausen syndrome

A

Factitial injury

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4
Q
  • Autosomal recessive, Ashkenazi Jewish heritage
  • Congenital indifference to pain: Lack of response to painful stimuli results in injuries
  • Absence of fungiform papillae
  • Riley-Day Syndrome
  • Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy Type III (HSAN-III)
A

Familial Dysautonomia

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5
Q
  • Commissures of lips of young children under 4 years from chewing through a live wire
  • Initially a painless charred area with little or no bleeding
  • Edema after several hoursnecrosis and sloughing by day 4
  • Minimize scar contracture with microstomia prevention appliance for 6 to 8 months
A

Electrical burns

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6
Q 
•Hot foods or beverages -microwave ovens
•Palate, posterior buccal mucosa
•Erythema and ulceration
•Resolve without treatment
-Heals without treatment
A

Thermal burns

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7
Q
  • Introduction of air into subcutaneous tissues or fascial spaces causing soft tissue enlargement and crepitus
  • Antibiotic coverage
  • Gradually resolves over 2 to 5 days
  • Complications–Pneumomediastinum–Respiratory distress
A

Cervicofacial Air Emphysema

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8
Q
  • Parotid gland enlargement: air fills parotid duct system and insufflates the gland
  • Self-induced
  • Occupational
  • Accidental
A

Pneumoparotid

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9
Q
  • Communication between oral cavity and maxillary sinus

* Frequently secondary to dental extraction

A

Oroantral Fistula

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10
Q

What ingredient in toothpaste causes Epithelial Desquamation?

A

SLS

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11
Q

Avoid use of ______ during pregnancy and in children under 8 years of age to avoid staining

A

tetracyclines

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12
Q

•Derivative of tetracycline
•Commonly used for acne, rheumatoid arthritis and for periodontal disease
•May produce intrinsic discoloration of developing teeth and fully-developed teeth
–Bone, skin, sclera, conjunctiva
•Drug binds to pulpal collagen
•Oxidation produces discoloration
•Occurs in 5% of users within 1 month to 1 year of use

A

Minocycline

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13
Q
  • Oral pigmentation increased significantly in heavy smokers

* Exposure to polycyclic amines stimulates melanin production by melanocytes

A

Smoker’s Melanosis

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14
Q
  • Form complexes with biologic molecules that affect protein structure and inactivate enzyme systems
  • Acute effects from massive ingestion and chronic effects from slow accumulation
  • Treatment with chelating agents (EDTA)
A

Heavy Metal Toxicity

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15
Q

•_____ is chemically similar to calcium and is deposited in developing bone and teeth
–Bands of increased density at metaphyses of growing tubular bones
•Anemia: hypochromic microcytic with basophillic stippling •Renal dysfunction
•Non-specific signs and symptoms
–Fatigue, irritability, weakness, abdominal and musculoskeletal pain
–Headache (cerebral edema in acute poisoning)

A

Lead

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16
Q

: bacterial H2S forms lead sulfide in gingival crevice–Bluish line at marginal gingiva

A

Gingival lead line (Burton line)

17
Q

Manifestations of _______ poisoning
•Oral:–Inflammation and enlargement of salivary glands, tongue and gingiva–Discoloration of gingiva–Periodontal bone destruction: mercuric sulfide–Ulcerative stomatitis–Metallic taste
•Systemic:–Acute and chronic exposure–Acute: abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea–Chronic: gastrointestinal upset, neurologic changes

A

Mercury poisoning

18
Q

•Chronic mercury toxicity in infants and children•Painful, pink discoloration of hands and feet•Hypersalivation, ulcerative gingivitis, premature loss of teeth

A

Acrodynia

19
Q
  • Disseminated throughout the body
  • Accumulates in skin producing a diffuse grayish-blue discoloration, especially in sun-exposed areas
  • Sclera, nails, silver line on gingival margin
  • Industrial exposure
  • Prescription medications
  • Topical medications: silver nitrate
  • Over-the-counter drugs: colloidal silver
A

Argyria

20
Q
  • “Quinckedisease” “angioneuroticedema”
  • Rapid, recurring, diffuse, edematous swelling of subcutaneous or submucosal soft tissues–Frequently the lips
  • May involve gastrointestinal or respiratory tract mucosa
  • The common clinical presentation of a group of conditions with different pathogenesis
A

Angioedema

21
Q
  • IgE-mediated hypersensitivityType I hypersensitivity reaction
  • Mast cell degranulation and histamine release
  • Contact allergic reaction to drugs, foods, plants, dust, inhalants, cosmetics, topical medications, rubber dam.
  • Physical stimuli such as heat, cold, emotional stress, exercise, solar exposure, vibration
  • Responds to antihistamines
A

Allergic Angioedema

22
Q

______ drugs:
Captopril, Enalipril, Lisinopril
•Produces angioedema due to increased levels of bradykinin •Swelling does not respond well to antihistamines
•Attacks may be precipitated by dental procedures in long-term users

A

•Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

23
Q
  • C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency
  • Complement cascade triggered after trauma or spontaneously, producing vascular permeability and edema
  • Mimics allergic angioedema, but produces more severe symptoms.
  • Prophylaxis by C1-INH replacement (C1-INH concentrate)
A

Hereditary Angioedema

24
Q

Which salivary glands are most sensitive to radiation?

A

Serous gland

25
Q

Which salivary gland are more resistant to radiation?

A

Mucous glands

26
Q
  • _______ kills both tumor cells and normal cells
  • Tissues with rapid turnover are affected most severely: mucosal surfaces and bone marrow
  • Oral mucositis
  • Cytopenias –thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia
A

Chemotherapy

27
Q

•The effects of _____ on the developing dentition are less severe than radiation therapy •Hypoplastic enamel defects, discoloration, root hypoplasia•Effects depend on stage of tooth development and the dose/duration of the chemotherapy

A

chemotherapy

28
Q

Are the effects of chemotherapy or radiation more severe on the developing dentition?

A

Radiation

29
Q
  • Exposed bone that persists for three months in an irradiated area
  • Bone death caused by radiation injury (avascular necrosis of bone)
  • It is not a primary infection of bone: infection is secondary
  • The irradiated bone has an absence of reserve reparative capacity with limited ability to meet even basic metabolic demands
  • Trauma overwhelms reparative capacity
  • Trauma may be caused by tooth extraction, pulpal disease, periodontitis, mucosal ulcers or denture-related injury produces a chronic non-healing wound
  • Antibiotic therapy
  • Surgical debridement of necrotic, infected bone
  • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) partially reverses cellular alterations of radiation and restores the microvasculature to higher level
A

Osteoradionecrosis

30
Q
  • Exposed bone or bone that can be probed through an intraoral or extraoral fistula* (sinus tract) in the maxillofacial region that has persisted for more than eight weeks
  • No history of radiation therapy to the jaws or obvious metastatic disease to the jaws
A

MRONJ

31
Q

•______: connection between two anatomic cavities or between an anatomic cavity and the surface: oral-antral / oral-nasal fistula –May also be created surgically for arteriovenous access: Arteriovenous fistula•

A

Fistula

32
Q

____: connection between a pathologic cavity and the surface.–Draining sinus tract

A

Sinus

33
Q

What are the 3 requirements for a good biopsy?

A

Representative
Orientable
Undistorted

Pathology (26 decks)

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