Public Health Nutrition and Individual Food Choice

Question 1

What can increase the risk of oesophageal cancer?

Answer 1

Body fattness

Alcoholic drinks

Question 2

What are the 2 types of oesophageal cancer?

Answer 2

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 3

What can increase the risk of stomach cancer?

Answer 3

Body fattness
Alcoholic drinks
Foods preserved by salting
Processed meat

Question 4

What can increase the risk of colon and rectum cancer?

Answer 4

Processed meat
Alcoholic drinks
Body fattness
Attained adult height

Question 5

What can decrease the risk of colon and rectal cancer?

Answer 5

Physical activity, wholegrains, dietary fibre, dairy products, calcium supplements

Question 6

What can obesity increase the risk of cancer of?

Answer 6

Endometrium
Breast
Pancreas
Kidney
Colorectum
Oesophageal
Gallbladder

Question 7

What are immediate problems to obesity?

Answer 7

Technical difficulties: surgical complications 
DVT
Chest infection
Wound infection 
Pressure ulcers

Question 8

What are the longer term problems associated with obesity?

Answer 8

Dealing with a stoma
Chemotherapy
Recurrent cancer
Second primary cancer
CV disease

Question 9

What are sociological influences on nutrition?

Answer 9

Gender
Age
Ethnicity 
Socioeconomic status
Income
Education 
Marital status

Question 10

What are the revised scottish dietary goals 2016?

Answer 10

Consume at least 400g varied fruit and vegetables
Reduce salt intake from around 9-6g
Reduce average calorie intake by 120 kcal
Reduce average intake of red and processed meat to 70g/day
Increase intake of oil-rich fish to one portion per person
Reduce the average intake of free sugars to 5% of totla dietary intake
Increase intake of dietary fibre to 30g/day
Maintain intakes of starchy carbohydrates at 50% of total dietary energy

Question 11

What are the influences of life circumstance on on nutrition?

Answer 11

Employment 
Unemployment
Housing conditions
Education 
Family circumstances
Area of residence

Question 12

What are determinants of food choice in low income households?

Answer 12

Fewer car owners (limited external access to low cost healthy food), poorer housing (poor food storage and preparation), less education (awareness, less knowledge and motivation to make healthy food choices), unemployment, (affordability, less money for spending on food) lower social class of father (acceptability, poor food habits cross generations)

Question 13

What are influences of individual dietary change?

Answer 13

Awareness (knowledge and education)
Access and availability (retail, rural, home)
Acceptability (cultural norms)
Affordability (value for money)

Question 14

What are the cultural influences on nutrition?

Answer 14

Habit/familiarity, resistance to change, marketing

Question 15

What are nutritional concerns in the GI system?

Answer 15

Poor adherence with gluten free diet
Over-nutrition
Excess sugar intake

Question 16

What are the risks of poor adherence with a gluten free diet to the GI system?

Answer 16

Risk of immediate symptoms e.g. steatorrhoea, abdominal pain, lethargy
Risk of long term complications e.g. osteroporosis, infertility

Question 17

What are the risks of over-nutrition to the GI system?

Answer 17

Obesity, excess alcohol intake and inactivity are major risk factors for oesophageal, stomach and colon cancer

Question 18

What are the risks of excess sugar intake to the GI system?

Answer 18

Associated with dental disease, which impacts on food intake (esp. fruit and veg)

Question 19

What can a doctor do to help patients lose weight?

Answer 19

Endorse, inform, respected guidance and reinforce