Colorectal cancer Flashcards
What are the benign and malignant colorectal neoplasias?
Benign - adenoma
Malignant - adenocarcinoma
What are the different types of colorectal polyps?
Inflammatory
Hamartomatous
Metaplastic
Neoplastic
What are the macroscopic appearances of colorectal caner?
Polypoidal
Ulcerative
Annular
What are the different categories for T in TNM for colorectal cancer?
T1 = submucosa T2 = into muslce T3 = through muscle T4 = adjacent structures
What are the different categories for N in TNM for colorectal cancer?
N0 - no lymph involvement
N1 - less than 3 nodes involves
N2 - more than 3 nodes involved
What are the different categories for M in TNM for colorectal cancer?
M0 - no distant metastases
M1 - distant metastases
What are the different types of austosomal dominant inheritance of colorectal cancer?
FAP - mutation in APC gene
HNPCC - mutation in DNA mismatch repair gene
What conditions can predispose to colorectal cancer?
Andeomatous polyps
UC
Crohn’s disease
What are the symptoms of colorectal cancer?
Anaemia
Pain, change in bowel habit, rectal bleeding
Tenesmus
What are the clinica findings of colorectal cancer?
Anaemia, cachexia, lymphadenopathy
Mass, hepatomegaly, distension
Mass in rectum, blood PR
How can a diagnosis be achieved?
Barium enema
CT colography
Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy
How is colorectal cancer staged radiographically?
Lungs - CT
Liver - CT
Primary rectal cancer - MRI
What are the emergency presentaions of colorectal cancer?
Obstruction - distension, absolute constipation, pain, vomiting
Bleedings
Perforation
How is an obstruction treated?
Colostomy alone
Resection and colostomy
Resection and anastomosis
Stenting
How is colorectal cancer treated?
Surgery is gold standard
Radiotherapy
Chemo
