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GI > Biochemical aspects of liver metabolism > Flashcards

Biochemical aspects of liver metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the liver?

A

First destination of most nutrients and xenobiotics
Bile production
Elimination of unwanted molecules
Secretion of plasma proteins e.g. albumin
Storage of important molecules - fuels, iron, vitamins
Regulation of metabolism

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2
Q

How does the liver contribute to fuel storage?

A

Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

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3
Q

How does the liver contribute to the urea cycle?

A

Amino acid metabolism

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4
Q

What are the different types of plasma proteins?

A

Albumin
Alpha globulins
Beta globulins
Gamma globulins - immunoglobulins

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5
Q

What are the main functions of plasma proteins?

A 
Maintenance of oncotic or colloid osmotic pressure 
Transport of hydrophobic substances
pH buffering
Enzymatic
Immunity
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6
Q

What hydrophobic substances do plasma proteins transport?

A

Steroid hormones
Free fatty acids
Bilirubin
Cholesterol

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7
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Maintenance of fluids across the blood vessel wall helping to maintain the BP

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8
Q

What is the function of alpha globulins?

A

Transport lipoproteins, lipids, hormones and bilirubin e.g. ceruloplasmin and retinol binding protein

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9
Q

What is the function of retinol binding protein?

A

Transports vitamin A - lipid soluable alcohol converted to retinaldehyde
Deficiency causes visual impairement

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10
Q

What is an example of a beta globulin?

A

Transferrin which transports iron and is an indicator of iron deficiency if low
Fibrinogen - inactive form of firbin which clots the blood

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11
Q

What type of protein is albumin?

A

Small, negatively charged and water soluable

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12
Q

What stimulates the production of albumin?

A

Insulin in repsonse to a meal will stimulate albumin production to transport fatty acids in blood plasma to allow you to metabolize ans store fatty lipids

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13
Q

What will decrease the levels of albumin?

A

Liver disease

Starvation / low protein diet

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14
Q

What does albumin transport?

A

Fatty acids
Bilirubin
Thyroid hormones
Drugs like aspirin

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15
Q

What is iron the component of?

A

Haemoglobin
Myoglobin
Cytochromes

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16
Q

How is iron transported in the blood?

A

As ferric ion Fe 3+ bound to transferrin

17
Q

How is iron stored in cells?

A

Ferritin

18
Q

How is copper transported around the body?

A

Bound to ceruloplasmin

19
Q

What is copper necessary for?

A

Regulation of redox reaction, transport and use of iron

20
Q

What makes up a lipoprotein?

A

Core of cholesterol esters and triglycerides and surrounded by phospholipids and apoproteins

21
Q

What is the function of lipoproteins?

A

Fat transport between organs and tissues

22
Q

What is the function of HDL?

A

Removes excess choleserol from cells and transports it back to the liver where it is excreted as bile salts via the biliary system or faeces

23
Q

What vitamins does liver store?

A

Vit A
Vit D
Vit B12

24
Q

How does the liver store iron?

A

Associated with ferritin

Comes from the breakdown of haemoglobin

25
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterol in cell membranes?

A

Increases rigitidy

26
Q

What is cholesterol the precursor of?

A

Bile acids
Steroid hormones
Vitamin D

27
Q

What is cholesterol metabolism important for?

A

Etiology of CV disease

Major component of gallstones

28
Q

How is cholesterol transported around the body?

A

30% free
Majority is esterified to a wide range of long chain fatty acids where it is encorporated into lipoproteins and thereby solubilised

29
Q

Where is cholesterol stored?

A

Lipid droplets

30
Q

Where is the main site of liver synthesis?

A

Liver

31
Q

What does the synthesis of one mole of cholesterol require?

A

18mol of acetyl-coA
16 mol of NADPH
36 mol of ATP

32
Q

What does HMG-CoA reductase do?

A

Catalyses the irreversible formation of mevalonic acid

33
Q

What does vitamin D do?

A

Has a role in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism

34
Q

What are the 3 groups of steroid hormones?

A

Corticosteroids
Androgens
Estrogens

35
Q

What is the main metabolic product of cholesterol?

A

Bile salts which has a saturated steroid nucleus
Stored as a component of bile in the gall bladder
Acts as a detergent for emulsifying ingested lipids and recycled by enterohepatic circulation

GI (42 decks)

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