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Intro to Neuroscience > Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior

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2
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

Substance that acts to alter mood, thought, or behavior

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3
Q

What route of administration is the safest, easiest, and most common

A

Oral administration

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4
Q

Which route of administration is the fastest and encounters the least barriers?

A

Injection directly into the brain

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5
Q

What molecules are fat soluble and can freely pass the blood-brain barrier?

A

Small, uncharged molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide

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6
Q

How do larger, charged molecules pass the blood-brain barrier?

A

Active transport

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7
Q

Drugs are broken down by the

A

liver, kidneys, and intestines

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8
Q

Drug family involved in drug catabolism

A

cytochrome P450

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9
Q

Most psychoactive drugs exert their effects by influencing chemical reactions at

A

synapses

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10
Q

Agonists

A

enhance the effectiveness of a neurotransmitter

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11
Q

Antagonists

A

substance that blocks/decreases the effects of a neurotransmitter

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12
Q

Presynaptic events that can be modified by drugs

A

Transport, synthesis, storage, transmission, release, receptor response, reuptake, degradation

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13
Q

Postsynaptic events can be modified by

A

blocking or activation of receptors, regulation of the number of postsynaptic receptors, and modulation of intracellular signals

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14
Q

Inverse agonists

A

bind to receptor and initiated opposite effect of usual transmitter

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15
Q

Competitive ligands

A

bind to the same part of receptor molecule as endogenous ligand (ex. nicotine binding in the place where Ach would bind)

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16
Q

Noncompetitive ligands

A

drugs that bind to modulatory sites that are not part of the receptor complex that normally binds the transmitter

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17
Q

Binding affinity

A

the degree of chemical attraction between a ligand and a receptor

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18
Q

Efficacy

A

the ability of a bound ligand to activate the receptor
antagonists have low efficacy and agonists have high efficacy

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19
Q

Why is the low binding affinity of neurotransmitters useful for neural impulses?

A

They will bind to receptors for short periods and then dissociate to be degraded. This is useful for the passage of information because many neurotransmitters can bind to receptors within a short period of time to transmit as many impulses as possible

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20
Q

Do most drugs have a higher or lower binding affinity than neurotransmitters?

A

Higher

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21
Q

Therapeutic index

A

the separation between an effective dose and a toxic one

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22
Q

Benzodiazepines ______ binding affinity for GABA

A

enhance

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23
Q

T/F if there is no GABA present in the brain, benzodiazepines will still work. Why or why not?

A

false
Benzodiazepines only increase binding affinity for GABA, so if there is no GABA present, the binding affinity of GABA doesn’t matter

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24
Q

T/F long term alcohol abuse directly affects the brain

A

false- it directly affects the liver which in turn affects the brain

25
Q

Alcohol is broken down by ______ ______ into __________

A

alcohol dehydrogenase
acetaldehyde

26
Q

The hangover effects of alcohol are felt because of

A

acetaldehyde

27
Q

Acetaldehyde is broken down by ______ _______ into _______

A

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
acetate

28
Q

Positive symptoms

A

abnormal behaviors that are gained

29
Q

Negative symptoms

A

normal behaviors that are lost

30
Q

What receptor is blocked by first generation antipsychotics

A

D2 dopamine receptor

31
Q

First generation antipsychotics produce side effects similar to…

A

Parkinson’s disease

32
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

States that schizophrenia results from excess synaptic dopamine or dopamine receptors

33
Q

Problems with dopamine hypothesis

A

Other neurotransmitters (particularly glutamate) have been found to play a role in schizophrenia

34
Q

PCP prevents which neurotransmitter from functioning properly at its receptor?

A

Glutamate

35
Q

Monoamine hypothesis

A

suggests insufficient activity of monoamines at synapses

36
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Abnormally high levels of glucocorticoids

37
Q

Increased glucocorticoids can cause Cushing’s disease and…

A

Depression

38
Q

area postrema

A

entry point in the brain stem of toxic substances that induces vomiting

39
Q

Dose-response curve (DRC)

A

graph of the relationship between drug doses and their effects

tool to understand pharmacodynamics

40
Q

Effective dose 50% (ED50)

A

dose at which the drug shows half of its maximal effect

41
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

functional relationship between drugs and their targets

42
Q

Opioids operate via the _____ pathway

A

Dopaminergic

43
Q

Two problems with opioids

A

Overprescribing and use for treating chronic pain

44
Q

Opioids bind to receptors sensitive to…

A

Morphine

45
Q

How can opioid addiction/overdose be treated

A

Competitive inhibitors

46
Q

Opioid tolerance builds…

A

Quickly

47
Q

Psychotropics categories

A

Behavioral stimulants, general stimulants, psychedelic and hallucinogenic stimulants

48
Q

Behavioral stimulants

A

Elevate mood and alertness

49
Q

T/F Behavioral stimulants are heavily associated with addiction

A

True

50
Q

Amphetamines and methamphetamines increase the amount of ______ released even in the absence of action potentials

A

Dopamine

51
Q

General stimulant example

A

Caffeine

52
Q

How do general stimulants work

A

By increasing metabolic processes within the cell and blocking adenine

53
Q

Psychedelics are associated with ______ but not ______

A

Abuse, addiction

54
Q

Effects of psychedelics

A

Altered sensory perception/cognitive
processes and hallucinations

55
Q

What pathways are affected by psychedelics

A

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, anandamide, glutamate

56
Q

What stimulant is associated with the ach pathway

A

Nicotine

57
Q

What stimulant is associated with the norepinephrine pathway

A

Peyote

58
Q

What stimulant is associated with the serotonin pathway

A

LSD/psilocybin

59
Q

What receptors do LSD and psilocybin affect

A

2A serotonin receptors

Intro to Neuroscience (14 decks)

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