Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Neuron hypothesis

Answer 1

neurons are the units of brain function

Question 2

Neuron doctrine

Answer 2

-the brain is composed of individual cells
-information is relayed from cell to cell through synapses

Question 3

Neurons

Answer 3

Nerve cells

Question 4

Glial cells

Answer 4

provide support for and contribute to information processing neurons

Question 5

Input zone

Answer 5

Receives information through dendrites

Question 6

Integration zone

Answer 6

Cell body/stoma where information is combined

Question 7

Conduction zone

Answer 7

Single axon leads away from cell body and transmits impulse

Question 8

Output zone

Answer 8

axon terminals communicate activity for other cells

Question 9

Multipolar neuron

Answer 9

one axon and many dendrites (most common type)

Question 10

Bipolar neuron

Answer 10

One axon and one dendrite

Question 11

Unipolar neuron

Answer 11

A single extension branches in 2 directions to form input and output zones

Question 12

Axon hillock

Answer 12

-cone shaped
-gives rise to axon

Question 13

Synapses

Answer 13

-cell body and dendrites receive information across synapses
-presynaptic sends impulses, postsynaptic receives impulses

Question 14

Synaptic components

Answer 14

• presynaptic membrane is on the axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
  -synaptic cleft is the gap between the membranes where chemicals are often dumped
  -post synaptic membrane is on the dendrite/cell body of the post synaptic neuron

Question 15

Synaptic vesicles

Answer 15

-in presynaptic axon terminal
-contain neurotransmitters that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to electrical activity in the neruon

Question 16

Ependymal cells

Answer 16

-make and secrete cerebrospinal fluid

Question 17

Astrocytes

Answer 17

-structural support
-transport materials between neurons and capillaries
-scar tissue
-direct blood flow to active neurons

Question 18

Microglia

Answer 18

-phagocytosis
-originate in blood
-prune synapses during development

Question 19

Oligodendrocytes/schwann cells

Answer 19

-myelination
-squeeze glial cytoplasm out from neurons
-oligodendrocytes in CNS
-Schwann cells in PNS

Question 20

Afferent

Answer 20

inputs to a brain structure, sensory pathways

Question 21

Efferent

Answer 21

outputs from brain, motor pathways

Question 22

In the brainstem, dorsal is towards the ____ and ventral is towards the _____

Answer 22

back, front

Question 23

Contralateral

Answer 23

different side

Question 24

Ipsilateral

Answer 24

same side

Question 25

Dorsal/superior

Answer 25

top

Question 26

Ventral/anterior

Answer 26

bottom

Question 27

medial

Answer 27

middle

Question 28

Lateral

Answer 28

Outside

Question 29

Posterior

Answer 29

back

Question 30

Anterior

Answer 30

front

Question 31

Order of nerve systems in the spinal cord

Answer 31

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Question 32

Somatic nervous system

Answer 32

-transmits sensation and produces movement -cranial and spinal nerves -dorsal root carries info into brain, ventral carries into body

Question 33

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 33

-Internal functions -sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 34

Enteric

Answer 34

digestive system

Question 35

Sympathetic

Answer 35

-produces norepinephrine -fight or flight

Question 36

Parasympathetic

Answer 36

-produces acetylcholine -opposite of sympathetic

Question 37

Lobes of the brain

Answer 37

Frontal, central sulcus, parietal Temporal, preoccipital notch, occipital

Question 38

PET scan

Answer 38

-uses radioactive chemicals injected into bloodstream -helps identify what brain regions associate with certain functions

Question 39

fMRI

Answer 39

measures changes in blood oxygen levels in active brain areas

Question 40

Optical imaging

Answer 40

uses near infrared light passed through the skull to reveal brain activity

Question 41

MRI

Answer 41

Magnet causes hydrogen atoms to line up and radio frequencies are emitted to disturb protons

Question 42

Angiogram

Answer 42

Shows blood flow through brain

Question 43

CT/CAT scan

Answer 43

Many x ray images are taken in 2D and then put together to form a 3D image of the brain

Question 44

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Answer 44

-Based on fractional anisotropy -measures water movement through axons

Question 45

Ventricular system

Answer 45

-shock absorption -removes toxins from brain -when infected, meningitis (inflammation of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid)

Question 46

Arterial system

Answer 46

-provides blood to rain -anterior cerebral artery (on top) and posterior cerebral artery (back and bottom) -Blood brain barrier prevents drugs from entering brain -blood brain barrier is caused by the result of higher resistance in the brain capillaries that restricts the passage of large molecules

Question 47

Layers of the cortex

Answer 47

1-3: integrative functions 4- sensory input 5-6: output to other parts of the brain or other areas