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Intro to Neuroscience > Biological Rhythms and Sleep > Flashcards

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Biorhythm

A

Inherent timing mechanisms that controls or initiates various biological processes

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2
Q

Biological clock

A

-Neural systems that time behavior
-Allows animals to anticipate events before they happen
-Ex: birds migrating before it gets cold

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3
Q

Biological rhythms are ______, their control comes from _______

A

endogenous, within

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4
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

functions of a living organism that display a rhythms of about 24 hours

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5
Q

Ultradian rhythms

A

-periods of less than a day
-ex: activity, feeding, hormone release

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6
Q

Infradian rhythms

A

-period of more than a day
-ex: body weight, reproductive cycles

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6
Q

Circannual rhythms

A

-period of about a year
-ex: migratory cycles of birds

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7
Q

Free-running rhythm

A

-rhythm of the body’s own devising in the absence of all external cues

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8
Q

Without input from external cues, our bodies have their own rhythms with periods of about ____ to ____ hours

A

25, 27

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9
Q

Sleep-wake cycles shift about ____ or so every day

A

an hour

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10
Q

Daily fluctuations that bodily processes rely on

A

-temperature
-Melatonin
-cortisol

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11
Q

Phase advance

A

-light exposure in the morning
-light avoidance in he middle of the night

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12
Q

Phase delay

A

-light exposure in the evening
-light avoidance in the morning

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13
Q

Eastward travel requires phase ______ and westward travel requires phase ______

A

advance, delay

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14
Q

Melatonin therapy

A

-easiest way to adjust sleep-wake cycle to combat jetlag
-advance: administer melatonin after normal peak
-delay: administer before the normal peak

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15
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

-found in hypothalamus
-main circadian pacemaker in the brain

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16
Q

SCN damage in rodents

A

eating, drinking, exercise, and sleep occur at a normal amount, but at haphazard times

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17
Q

SCN metabolic activity is _____ during the light period of the day-night cycle than it is during the dark period

A

higher

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18
Q

T/F: If all of the pathways to and from the SCN are cut, rhythmic electrical activity stops

A

false

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19
Q

There is a pathway directly from the _____ to the SCN

A

eye

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20
Q

Melanopsin

A

photopigment that is especially sensitive to blue light

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21
Q

Retinohypothalamic pathway

A

Pathway that light information travels down from the eye to the SCN

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22
Q

M-cells

A

type of circadian neurons that control morning activity and need to be trained by light

23
Q

E-cells

A

type of circadian neurons that control evening activity and need to be trained by darkness

24
Q

SCN cells in mammals make two proteins

A

clock and cycle proteins

25
Q

what two genes to clock and cycle proteins promote transcription for

A

period (per) and cryptochrome (cry)

26
Q

After production period and cryptochrome proteins…

A

dimerize

27
Q

T/F: no new clock and cycle proteins are produced until the period and cryptochrome proteins degrade

A

true

28
Q

How is light detected in mammals

A

retinal ganglion cells detect light and release glutamate in the SCN

29
Q

Glutamate triggers events that promote ____ protein production

A

period

30
Q

Tau mutations cause

A

shorter periods of about 20 hours

31
Q

Slave oscillators

A

control the rhythmic occurrence of one bodily function (ex temperature)
controlled by SCN

32
Q

Basic rest-activity cycle

A

best known ultradian rhythm
lasts for about 90 minutes
measures arousal levels

33
Q

EEG

A

measures brain activity
measures sleep stages

34
Q

Beta rhythm

A

waking state
fast brain wave activity (15 to 30 hz)

35
Q

Alpha rhythm

A

drowsy state
large, regular brain waves (7 to 11 hz)

36
Q

Delta rhythm

A

sleeping state
slow brain wave activity (1 to 3 hz)
associated with deep sleep

37
Q

REM sleep

A

Dreaming state
fast brain wave pattern
indistinguishable from beta rhythm EEG
only difference is that muscles are unresponsive

38
Q

Atonia

A

absence of muscle tone

39
Q

T/F: your body still thermoregulates during REM sleep

A

false

40
Q

____ in body temperature and ______ in growth hormone release during non REM sleep

A

decrease, increase

41
Q

Sleep talking, sleepwalking, and night terrors occur during

A

NREM sleep

42
Q

First half of sleep is…

A

NREM dominant

43
Q

Second half of sleep is…

A

REM dominant

44
Q

At the end of each REM period you…

A

briefly wake up

45
Q

A sleep cycle is a period of ____ followed by a period of ______

A

SWS, REM

46
Q

When does the circadian rhythm shift making it so people wake up later

A

Puberty

47
Q

Dolphins don’t show

A

REM sleep

48
Q

How do dolphins and some birds sleep

A

one hemisphere at a time

49
Q

Fatal fetal insomnia

A

-in midlife, people stop sleeping and die 7-24 months after the onset of the insomnia
-autopsy shows brain degeneration

50
Q

Sleep recovery

A

process of sleeping more than normal after a period of deprivation

51
Q

Night 1 of sleep recovery

A

stage 3 sleep increases, typically at the expense of stage 2 sleep

52
Q

Night 2 sleep recovery

A

most recovery of REM sleep that is more intense than normal

53
Q

Sleep as a passive process

A

early explanation that sleep is a passive process that takes place as a result of a decrease in sensory stimulation

54
Q

Sleep is an energy-conserving strategy

A

-period of reduced muscular tension, heart rate, blood pressure, temp, and respiration
-gather food at optimal times and sleep to conserve energy the rest of the time
-only has a correlation in prey species

55
Q

Sleep as a restorative process

A

-replenishes the body via metabolic requirements such as proteins
-most growth hormone is released during SWS
-sleep is suggested to reduce illness
-glia flush waste products faster than when awake

56
Q
A

Intro to Neuroscience (14 decks)

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