Biological Rhythms and Sleep

Question 1

Biorhythm

Answer 1

Inherent timing mechanisms that controls or initiates various biological processes

Question 2

Biological clock

Answer 2

-Neural systems that time behavior
-Allows animals to anticipate events before they happen
-Ex: birds migrating before it gets cold

Question 3

Biological rhythms are ______, their control comes from _______

Answer 3

endogenous, within

Question 4

Circadian rhythms

Answer 4

functions of a living organism that display a rhythms of about 24 hours

Question 5

Ultradian rhythms

Answer 5

-periods of less than a day
-ex: activity, feeding, hormone release

Question 6

Infradian rhythms

Answer 6

-period of more than a day
-ex: body weight, reproductive cycles

Question 6

Circannual rhythms

Answer 6

-period of about a year
-ex: migratory cycles of birds

Question 7

Free-running rhythm

Answer 7

-rhythm of the body’s own devising in the absence of all external cues

Question 8

Without input from external cues, our bodies have their own rhythms with periods of about ____ to ____ hours

Answer 8

25, 27

Question 9

Sleep-wake cycles shift about ____ or so every day

Answer 9

an hour

Question 10

Daily fluctuations that bodily processes rely on

Answer 10

-temperature
-Melatonin
-cortisol

Question 11

Phase advance

Answer 11

-light exposure in the morning
-light avoidance in he middle of the night

Question 12

Phase delay

Answer 12

-light exposure in the evening
-light avoidance in the morning

Question 13

Eastward travel requires phase ______ and westward travel requires phase ______

Answer 13

advance, delay

Question 14

Melatonin therapy

Answer 14

-easiest way to adjust sleep-wake cycle to combat jetlag
-advance: administer melatonin after normal peak
-delay: administer before the normal peak

Question 15

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 15

-found in hypothalamus
-main circadian pacemaker in the brain

Question 16

SCN damage in rodents

Answer 16

eating, drinking, exercise, and sleep occur at a normal amount, but at haphazard times

Question 17

SCN metabolic activity is _____ during the light period of the day-night cycle than it is during the dark period

Answer 17

higher

Question 18

T/F: If all of the pathways to and from the SCN are cut, rhythmic electrical activity stops

Answer 18

false

Question 19

There is a pathway directly from the _____ to the SCN

Answer 19

eye

Question 20

Melanopsin

Answer 20

photopigment that is especially sensitive to blue light

Question 21

Retinohypothalamic pathway

Answer 21

Pathway that light information travels down from the eye to the SCN

Question 22

M-cells

Answer 22

type of circadian neurons that control morning activity and need to be trained by light

Question 23

E-cells

Answer 23

type of circadian neurons that control evening activity and need to be trained by darkness

Question 24

SCN cells in mammals make two proteins

Answer 24

clock and cycle proteins

Question 25

what two genes to clock and cycle proteins promote transcription for

Answer 25

period (per) and cryptochrome (cry)

Question 26

After production period and cryptochrome proteins...

Answer 26

dimerize

Question 27

T/F: no new clock and cycle proteins are produced until the period and cryptochrome proteins degrade

Answer 27

true

Question 28

How is light detected in mammals

Answer 28

retinal ganglion cells detect light and release glutamate in the SCN

Question 29

Glutamate triggers events that promote ____ protein production

Answer 29

period

Question 30

Tau mutations cause

Answer 30

shorter periods of about 20 hours

Question 31

Slave oscillators

Answer 31

control the rhythmic occurrence of one bodily function (ex temperature) controlled by SCN

Question 32

Basic rest-activity cycle

Answer 32

best known ultradian rhythm lasts for about 90 minutes measures arousal levels

Question 33

EEG

Answer 33

measures brain activity measures sleep stages

Question 34

Beta rhythm

Answer 34

waking state fast brain wave activity (15 to 30 hz)

Question 35

Alpha rhythm

Answer 35

drowsy state large, regular brain waves (7 to 11 hz)

Question 36

Delta rhythm

Answer 36

sleeping state slow brain wave activity (1 to 3 hz) associated with deep sleep

Question 37

REM sleep

Answer 37

Dreaming state fast brain wave pattern indistinguishable from beta rhythm EEG only difference is that muscles are unresponsive

Question 38

Atonia

Answer 38

absence of muscle tone

Question 39

T/F: your body still thermoregulates during REM sleep

Answer 39

false

Question 40

____ in body temperature and ______ in growth hormone release during non REM sleep

Answer 40

decrease, increase

Question 41

Sleep talking, sleepwalking, and night terrors occur during

Answer 41

NREM sleep

Question 42

First half of sleep is...

Answer 42

NREM dominant

Question 43

Second half of sleep is...

Answer 43

REM dominant

Question 44

At the end of each REM period you...

Answer 44

briefly wake up

Question 45

A sleep cycle is a period of ____ followed by a period of ______

Answer 45

SWS, REM

Question 46

When does the circadian rhythm shift making it so people wake up later

Answer 46

Puberty

Question 47

Dolphins don't show

Answer 47

REM sleep

Question 48

How do dolphins and some birds sleep

Answer 48

one hemisphere at a time

Question 49

Fatal fetal insomnia

Answer 49

-in midlife, people stop sleeping and die 7-24 months after the onset of the insomnia -autopsy shows brain degeneration

Question 50

Sleep recovery

Answer 50

process of sleeping more than normal after a period of deprivation

Question 51

Night 1 of sleep recovery

Answer 51

stage 3 sleep increases, typically at the expense of stage 2 sleep

Question 52

Night 2 sleep recovery

Answer 52

most recovery of REM sleep that is more intense than normal

Question 53

Sleep as a passive process

Answer 53

early explanation that sleep is a passive process that takes place as a result of a decrease in sensory stimulation

Question 54

Sleep is an energy-conserving strategy

Answer 54

-period of reduced muscular tension, heart rate, blood pressure, temp, and respiration -gather food at optimal times and sleep to conserve energy the rest of the time -only has a correlation in prey species

Question 55

Sleep as a restorative process

Answer 55

-replenishes the body via metabolic requirements such as proteins -most growth hormone is released during SWS -sleep is suggested to reduce illness -glia flush waste products faster than when awake