Neuroendocrinology

Question 1

Aromatase

Answer 1

converts testosterone to estrogen

Question 2

Negative feedback

Answer 2

output feeds back and inhibits further secretion

Question 3

Positive feedback

Answer 3

output feeds back and promotes further secretion

Question 4

Target cell feedback

Answer 4

the hormone acts on its target cells and has a biological effect

Question 5

The ______ can direct hormone release

Answer 5

hypothalamus

Question 6

The pituitary stalk connects

Answer 6

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 7

The pituitary stalk has axons that connect to

Answer 7

the posterior pituitary

Question 8

Posterior pituitary secretes

Answer 8

Vasopressin: anti-diuretic hormone
Oxytocin: reproductive (contractions, breastmilk release, etc)

Question 9

Anterior pituitary is accessed solely through the

Answer 9

bloodstream

Question 10

Endocrine glands

Answer 10

release hormones within the body

Question 11

Exocrine glands

Answer 11

use ducts to secrete fluid outside the body

ex. tears, sweat

Question 12

Hypothalmus

Answer 12

control of hormone secretions

Question 13

Pineal gland

Answer 13

Reproductive maturation, body rhythms

Question 14

Anterior pituitary functions

Answer 14

Hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads

growth

Question 15

Posterior pituitary functions

Answer 15

Water balance, salt balance

Question 16

Thyroid

Answer 16

growth and development, metabolic rate

Question 17

Adrenal cortex

Answer 17

salt and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory reactions

Question 18

Adrenal medulla

Answer 18

emotional arousal

Question 19

Pancreas

Answer 19

sugar metabolism

Question 19

Gut

Answer 19

digestion and appetite control

Question 19

Gonads (testes/ovaries) 🤤

Answer 19

Body development, maintenance of reproductive organs

Question 20

Forms of chemical communication

Answer 20

endocrine communication- a hormone is released into the bloodstream to act on target tissues
synaptic/neurocrine function- involves chemical release and diffusion across the synapse

Question 21

Releasing hormones are released into local blood vessels, called ___.

Answer 21

hypophyseal portal system

Question 22

Axons from hypothalamic neurons converge on the ____, above the pituitary stalk.

Answer 22

median eminence

Question 23

Psychosocial dwarfism

Answer 23

failure to grow caused by stress in early life

Question 24

Somatomedins

Answer 24

inhibit the release of GH by acting directly on the anterior pituitary and by stimulating the secretion of somatostatin from the hypothalamus released by the liver in response to GH

Question 25

The anterior pituitary releases six tropic hormones:

Answer 25

1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 4. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 5. Prolactin 6.Growth hormone (GH)

Question 26

The adrenal glands are located _____.

Answer 26

on top of each kidney

Question 27

In mammals, the outer 80% of the adrenal gland is the _____, and the core 20% is the _____.

Answer 27

Adrenal cortex, Adrenal medulla

Question 28

Main steroid hormones

Answer 28

glucocorticoids, sex steroids, and mineralocorticoids

Question 29

The adrenal medulla releases ____.

Answer 29

Amine hormones -epinephrine -norepinephrine

Question 30

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 30

controls production and release of adrenal cortex steroid hormones

Question 31

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 31

increases thyroid hormone release

Question 32

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 32

stimulates egg-containing follicles in females or sperm production in males.

Question 33

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 33

stimulates follicles to form the corpora lutea in females and testosterone production by the testes in males.

Question 34

Prolactin

Answer 34

stimulates lactation in females and is involved in parental behavior.

Question 35

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 35

somatotropin or somatotropic hormone, influences growth, mostly during sleep. The stomach hormone ghrelin also evokes GH release.

Question 36

Goiter 😳

Answer 36

swelling of the thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency

Question 37

kisspeptin 👄

Answer 37

hypothalamic peptide, stimulates GnRH involved in the onset of puberty

Question 38

The hypothalamus controls gonadal hormone production by releasing ___.

Answer 38

gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH)

Question 39

soulja

Answer 39

boy

Question 40

Ovaries produce these hormones in cycles

Answer 40

progestins, such as progesterone, and estrogens such as 17β-estradiol, or estradiol

Question 41

Not a groomer, just a...

Answer 41

loser

Question 43

Hormonal and neural systems work together in 4 ways:

Answer 43

Neural-to-neural Neural-to-endocrine Endocrine-to-endocrine Endocrine-to-neural

Question 44

Altricial animals

Answer 44

Born undeveloped and depend on parents for care and survival ex, humans 👶🏻

Question 45

Chronic stress prevents proliferation in the ______

Answer 45

hippocampus

Question 46

Oxytocin

Answer 46

increases during nursing and during orgasm and acts directly on both the nucleus accumbens and amygdala to promoting a feeling of bonding

Question 47

Precocial animals

Answer 47

Born relatively developed and are able to survive with little parental care ex. sea turtle, duck 🦆

Question 48

Autocrine communication

Answer 48

a released chemical acts on the releasing cell

Question 49

Paracrine communication

Answer 49

the released chemical diffuses to nearby target cells

Question 50

allomones

Answer 50

chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species. ex. flowers and bees

Question 51

Pheromone communication

Answer 51

used to communicate between individuals of the same species

Question 52

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 52

characterized by impairments in language and social interactions

Question 53

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 53

exposure to androgens before birth causes the child to be born intersex

Question 54

Aromatization hypothesis

Answer 54

Testosterone enters the brain and is converted to estrogens which then masculinize the brain

Question 55

A-fetoprotein

Answer 55

binds estrogens to prevent them from crossing the brain to prevent aromatization and masculinization

Question 56

T/F A-fetoprotein binds testosterone

Answer 56

false

Question 57

Activation effect

Answer 57

Hormone treatment that briefly activates behavior in organisms that lack sex hormones